• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.55-66
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• 1998

In order to investigate the detergency effects of various detergents to stained polyester & cotton fabric with solid soils such as carbon black, liquid paraffin and fat, the optimum washing conditions according to the types of washing agent, the assesment of detergency effect by the measurement of reflectance after and before washing were studied. The detergency effect of various detergents to stained polyester and cotton fabric increased by using the mixtures of bleaching and enzyme detergent. In order to obtain the excellent detergency effect, 2-step treatment, the pre-washing with bleaching agent and bleaching-enzyme mixture detergent treatment is preferred. In comparison of the detergency to polyester and cotton fabric, it is assumed that the detergency to polyester stained fabric was superior than that to cotton stained fabric because of the difference of adhesive force between soil material and fabric in preparing solid stained fabric.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.242-253
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• 2020

Currently, there is a growing interest among consumers in selecting healthier meat with a greater proportion of essential fatty acids (FA). This experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of different ratios of dietary n-6:n-3 on growth performance, FA profile of longissimus dorsi (LD), relative gene expression of cytokines, meat quality, and blood parameters in finishing pigs. A total of 108 finishing pigs was randomly allotted to three treatments including a control (basal diet) and low ratios (4:1 and 2:1) of n-6:n-3. The 4:1 and 2:1 diets decreased the overall stearic acid in LD. There were reductions in the content of stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, total saturated acid, and n-6:n-3 ratio of LD in pigs fed 4:1 and 2:1 diet compared with the control diet. The 4:1 and 2:1 diets increased the concentration of α-Linolenic acid and polyunsaturated FA in the LD of pigs. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme gene was down-regulated in pigs fed 2:1 diet compared with finishing pigs fed the control or 4:1 diets. The relative expression of hormone-sensitive lipase was increased in pigs fed 2:1 and 4:1 ratio diets. Lower total cholesterol of plasma was observed in finishing pigs fed 2:1 and 4:1 diets. The cooking loss ratio of meat was lower in pigs fed the 2:1 and 4:1 diets compared with the control diet. Pigs fed the 4:1 and 2:1 diets had greater final body weight. In conclusion, the 2:1 and 4:1 diets have the potential to increase the meat quality and growth performance of pigs.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.826-839
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• 2021

A 60-d feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of diets supplemented with two concentrations (0% and 0.3%) of black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel) fruit by-product (RCFB) on the physicochemical characteristics, oxidative stability, antioxidant capacity, antioxidant enzyme activity, and fatty acid profile of M. longissimus dorsi (LL) porcine muscle from Berkshire finishing pigs meat. Results revealed that regardless of the sex, diets supplemented with 0.3% RCFB reduced (p<0.05) the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) expressed as malonaldehyde (MDA) content effectively. A higher antioxidant capacity [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity] was found (p<0.05) in response to feeding supplemented with 0.3% RCBF for male or female pigs. Moreover, 0.3% RCFB dietary feed increased (p<0.05) the glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities (GPX1) in blood plasma for male or female pigs. However, no influences were observed (p>0.05) on meat color, WHC, shear force, and fatty acid contents while fed diet supplemented with 0% or 0.3% RCFB for male or female pigs. Overall, this study suggests that a diet supplemented with 0.3% RCFB may beneficially affect owing to better oxidative stability, higher antioxidant capacity, and antioxidant enzyme activity (blood plasma) in pigs which could be a promising natural antioxidant without affecting meat quality traits.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.11 s.158
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• pp.1572-1582
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• 2006

In this study, in order to compare a Tencel/cotton and a Tencel/Cotton/PET as Tencel blended fabrics with a Tencel fabric, the fabric samples were treated with chitosan after NaOH pretreatment and enzyme treatment thereof, And then its adherent efficiency was enhanced by using a crosslinking agent. After that, it was treated with a softener. In chitosan treatment, the functions of moisture regain, tensile strength, air permeability and crease resistance were more improved in the Tencel blended fabrics than in the Tencel fabric. Thus, it may be thought that the physical properties of the Tencel blended fabrics were more effectively modified than those of the Tencel fabric. And the friction charged voltage was very much reduced in all samples, so that chitosan treatment was effective for prevention of electrostatic charge. Further, chitosan finishing treatment improved remarkably the antibacterial activity in all samples regardless of the type of strains.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.15-20
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• 2008

The cotton yarn was subjected to bio-polishing treatment with three commercial enzymes(Cellusoft L, Denimax-991L and Denimax-acid) to remove the fuzz on the cotton yarn. Also, enzyme treated cotton yarns were compared with singeing cotton yarns. Experimental variables of enzyme treated cotton yarn were as follow: concentration of enzyme solution and NaOH, dipping time, and processing temperature. The enzymatic treatments were evaluated by analyzing the effect on yarn count, twist contraction, evenness and tenacity. As the results, enzymatic treatment on cotton yarn induced same effects as the traditional singeing treatment. Also, silket treatment of cotton yarn after bio-polishing enhanced the tensile properties of the cotton yarn.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2009

The cotton, wool, cotton/wool blended(80:20) and tencel fabrics were treated with low temperature oxygen or argon plasma, enzymes(cellulase or protease), or oxygen plasma-enzyme and examined for their weight loss and conditions for treatment for the environment friendly finishing. In the plasma treatment argon gas had better effect on the weight loss than oxygen gas did and the weight loss of all the fabrics was increased as increasing discharge power and discharge time. The weight loss of cotton, wool, cotton/wool blended(80:20) fabrics decreased in a large measure after 1 hr but that of tencel didn't decrease after 1 hr. In case of cellulose fibers oxygen gas plasma induced chemical functional groups on the surface of substrate more than argon gas plasma did so the weight loss of wool was larger than that of cotton, tencel fabrics in oxygen plasma-enzyme treatment. The weight loss of cotton and tencel fabrics decreased the initial stage because oxygen plasma pre-treatment caused cross linking as well as etching effect but argon plasma pre-treatment didn't. The plasma pre-treatment cleared the way for enzyme treatment on the whole but oxygen plasma pre-treatment bear in hand the increase of weight loss more or less because of the cross linking on the surface of cellulose fibers. The appropriate conditions for plasma treatment was 10-1Torr, 40W for 30minutes and for cellulase treatment were enzyme concentration of $3g/{\ell}$, pH 5, $60^{\circ}C$ for 1hr and for protease treatment were enzyme concentration of $4g/{\ell}$ pH 8, $60^{\circ}C$ for 1hr.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.538-544
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• 1998

One hundred and twenty-eight finishing pigs (51.3 kg average initial body weight) were used to determine the effects of adding cellulase enzymes and lactobacillus acidophilus to sorghum-based diets on growth performance, carcass merit, and nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs. Treatments were: 1) corn-soybean meal-based positive control; 2) sorghum-soybean meal-based negative control; 3) Diet 2 with celluloytic enzymes; and 4) Diet 2 with a bacterial feed additive (lactobacillus acidophilus). There was a trend for greater average daily gain (ADG) in pigs fed com versus the sorghum treatments for day 0 to 28 (p < .09), but there was no effect of treatment (p > .15) on overall ADG (i.e., day 0 to 63). Feed consumption was not affected by treatment during the experiment (p > .19). Pigs fed the corn-soybean meal-based diet had 3.5% greater overall gain/feed than pigs fed the other diets (p < .009). Dressing percentage was not affected by treatment (p > .22), but there was a trend for backfat thickness at the last rib to be greater for pigs fed com versus the sorghum treatments (p < .09). Pigs fed the sorghum treatments had 1 % greater fat free lean index (p < .10) compared to pigs fed the corn-soybean meal-based positive control. Pigs fed com had greater apparent digestibilities of DM, N, and GE than pigs fed the sorghum treatments (p < .03), and greater DE intake (p < .07) suggesting that the increased carcass fatness for pigs fed the corn-based control diet resulted from greater energy status of those pigs. In conclusion, pigs fed the corn-soybean meal-based control diet had no improved growth performance but tended to be fatter than pigs fed sorghum. Adding cellulolytic enzymes or a bacterial feed additive to diets for finishing pigs did not affect growth performance, carcass merit, or nutrient utilization.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.24-29
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• 2007

It is well known that certain classes of dye are reducible to stable colorless leuco compounds, which can be oxidized in air back to the colored species. We now reported that bis(4-dialkylaminophenyl)squaraine dyes are readily reduced in solution by borohydride to give alkali soluble leuco compound, which exists in the 3-hydroxy 2,4-bis(4-dialkylaminophenyl)cyclobuten-one. New alkylamine leuco compounds were synthesized by the reaction of leuco chloro-squaraine with alkylamine derivatives. The leuco compounds are easily isolated and can be air oxidized back to the squaraine dyes. These dyes have many technical application. e.g. in xerography, solar cell, optical recording material, redox indicators, and enzyme assays.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.1434-1439
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• 2001

Eighty crossbred pigs (Large White x Landrace) weighing 9.9 kg were assigned on the basis of sex, weight and Jitter to one of five dietary treatments in a factorial $(5\;treatments\;{\times}2\;sexes)$ arrangement to compare the nutritive value of hulled and dehulled peas fed with or without enzyme (0.25% Allzyme PF and 0.5% Biogal-S). A barley and soybean meal diet served as a control. Eight castrates and eight gilts were fed each diet. Digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein and energy were higher for diets containing dehulled peas than hulled peas. In addition, enzyme supplementation modestly increased the digestibility of all three nutrients. Over the entire experimental period (9.9 to 103.3 kg), there were no performance differences (p>0.05) between pigs fed soybean meal based diets or diets based on any of the pea products. In addition, there were no differences in performance between pigs fed diets containing hulled or dehulled peas or between pigs fed diets with or without dietary enzyme. Castrates gained weight significantly faster, consumed more feed but had a poorer feed conversion than gilts (p<0.05). There were no differences in carcass traits between pigs fed diets based on soybean meal or any of the pea products. Carcass traits were similar for pigs fed hulled or dehulled peas while enzyme supplementation also had no effect on carcass data. Castrate pigs had a lower carcass value index, estimated lean yield and loin lean depth (p<0.05). Loin fat depth was greater for castrates than gilts (p<0.05). The overall results of this experiment provide little support for the need for enzyme supplementation of pea based diets fed to swine. In addition, dehulling did not appreciably improve the nutritive value of peas. Therefore, since the process adds to the cost of the raw product, its use is unlikely to be economical.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.1107-1116
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• 2013

This study examined the use of cutinase and lipase to process cotton/polyester blend fabric. Optimum treatment conditions for cutinase and lipase were investigated for cotton/polyester blend fabric. The properties of enzyme-treated fabrics were evaluated and compared in optimal treatment conditions. In addition, the possibility to provide an enzymatic finishing on blend fabrics using mixed enzymes in a two-step process were studied. The weight loss of cotton/polyester blend fabrics with Triton X-100 was 0.8% and the dyeing property of blend fabrics with calcium chloride increased by a factor of 1.2. The use of two enzymes in combination with cutinase and lipase in the presence of auxiliaries resulted in a cotton/polyester blend fabric weight loss of 0.8%. In addition, the dyeing properties of cotton/polyester blend fabrics improved by a factor of 1.5 and the moisture regain of cotton/polyester blend fabrics improved by a factor of 1.16. However, no marked loss was observed in tensile strength. The surface morphology of cotton/polyester blend fabrics is modified through a two-enzyme treatment. The treatment of cotton/polyester blend fabrics with cutinase and lipase maintains cotton strength and improves the moisture regain of polyester fabrics.