• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2010.11b
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• pp.744-747
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• 2010

In this study, antioxidant activity of enzymatic, ethanolic and aqueous extract from Blueberry were evaluated by measuring the scavenging activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Enzymatic extract were prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of Blueberry using food grade five different carbohydrases (Viscozyme, celluclast, AMG, Termarmyl, Ultraflo) and five proteases (Protamex, Kojizyme, Neutrase, Flavourzyme, Alcalase). The ethanol extract were lower than enzymatic extracts in yield, but higher in ployphenolic contents. The 70% ethanolic extract of Blueberry exhibited better DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to those of other extracts. These results suggest that Blueberry would be a good raw materials for antioxidant.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.263-270
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• 2002

The Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, were stressed with different concentrations of benzo(a) pyrene and depurated to determine the hemocyte lysosomal membrane stability and hydrolytic enzymatic activity as a biomarker candidate to the chemical, using NRR (neutral red retention) and API ZYM System, respectively. The membrane damage measured as NRR decrease was significant with the increase of chemical concentration and exposure time (P<0.05), providing a possible tool for biomarker. Interestingly, the control showed intrinsic stress probably due to captive life in the laboratory, and a recovering trend was also found during the depuration. The benzo(a)pyrene-exposed oysters showed increased enzyme activities in alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4), acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phospho­hydrolase, $\beta$-galactosidase, $\beta$-glucuronidase, and N-acetyl- $\beta$-glucosaminidase. Of them, only two enzymes, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, showed some potential available for the generation of enzymatic biomarker in the oyster. The results are suggestive of the potential availability of the cellular and enzymatic properties as a biomarker. However, considering that a robust biomarker should be insensitive to natural stress coming from normal physiological variation, but sensitive to pollutants, a concept of intrinsic stress the animal possesses should be taken into consideration. This reflects the necessity of further research on the intrinsic stress affecting the cellular and enzymatic properties of the chemical­stressed oysters prior to using the data as a biomarker.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 1995

The effects of enzymatic pretreatments on the bleaching of kraft pulp were studied. The kappa number of pulp samples which represents the lignin content of pulp decreased by 25.2% by the pretreatments with xylanase(EC 3.2.1.8, Pulpzyme HB) while it decreased by 13.7% without enzyme pretreatments after the extraction of the pretreated pulp samples in 1N NaOH. To enhance the effects of enzymatic pretreatment on the bleaching of kraft pulp, phenols were used as radical carriers with the simultaneous use of peroxidase(EC 1.11.1.7, Novozyme 502), $H_2O_2$, and xylanase. Guaiacol (1mM) was most effective by decreasing the kappa number by 29.6% when a low initial concentration of $H_2O_2$ (0.1mM) was used. The use of either a higher initial concentration of $H_2O_2$ or phenols lacking electron donating substituents such as phenol and p-chloyophenol, however, decreased the efficiency of enzymatic pretreatment indicating that the production rate and the stability of phenolic radicals are important parameters.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.352-359
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• 1990

The synergistic effect of glucoamylase and a -amylase on the hydrolysis of raw corn starch in an agitated bead reaction system was studied by investigating the changes of sugar profiles, the granular structure, particle size distribution, and X-ray diffraction pattern of residual raw corn starch. The enzymatic hydrolysis of raw corn starch was greatly enhanced by synergistic effect of glucoamylase and $\alpha$ -amylase. Even though the sugar profiles were mainly determined by the mixing ratio of glucoamylase and $\alpha$-amylase; raw starch was mainly converted to glucose directly without accumulation of any significant amount of oligosaccharides. The cavity formation and fragmentation phenomena of raw corn starch granule subjected to enzyme reaction were analyzed by means of SEM and the particle size distribution. The X-ray diffraction pattern of raw starch was not changed at the initial stage of reaction but slightly changed at the late stage of hydrolysis, which may be caused by the preferential degradation of amorphous region by enzymatic reaction, not by the destruction of microcrystalline structure of raw corn starch.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.410-416
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• 2017

Objective: This study was to evaluate the sunflower cake and enzymatic complex fed to broilers from 22 to 42 d of age. Methods: In a completely randomized design, a total of 850 birds were allotted in a $2{\times}5$ factorial scheme (with and without enzymatic complex) and five inclusion levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) of sunflower cake. There were 5 replications and 17 birds in each experimental unit. Data from performance, carcass yield and intestinal morphology were evaluated. Results: Feed intake, weight gain, final weight and feed:gain ratio linearly worsened as sunflower cake increased. For weight gain, final weight and feed:gain ratio, the birds whose diets contained levels of 15% and 20% of sunflower cake showed worse values (p<0.05) than the birds fed the control diet. When fed the enzymatic complex, birds improved (p<0.05) crypt depth and villus:crypt ratio in the jejunum. As inclusion levels of sunflower cake increased, villus depth and villus:crypt ratio in duodenum, jejunum and ileum linearly reduced and the crypt depth linearly increased. Carcass yield linearly reduced as sunflower cake increased. Conclusion: Based on performance, sunflower cake can be used up to 10% in broilers feeding from 21 to 42 days of age.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.361-366
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• 2012

We investigated the anti-diabetic activity and enzymatic activity of 24 commercial doenjang samples certified for traditional foods. Twenty four doenjang samples showed the wide ranges in enzymatic activities (protease activities 0-50.45 unit/g, ${\alpha}$-amylase activities 0-675.9 unit/g, ${\beta}$-amylase 13.6-308.6 unit/g), and there were no difference in enzymatic activity by the producing region. To evaluate the potential anti-diabetic activity of 24 doenjang samples, we examined the effect of doenjang methanol extract (DME) on 2-[n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol-4-yl) amyno]-2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-NBDG) uptake. Ten samples among 24 samples significantly stimulated the uptake of 2-NBDG. When the cells were treated with DME at 400 ug/mL, No. 17 and 23 specially stimulated 2-NBDG uptake by 1.23-fold and 1.25-fold, respectively, compared with untreated control cell. And there were no cytotoxicity in the C2C12 cells treated with DME at concentration of 500 ug/mL. Among 24 samples, No. 6, 7, 12, 21 and 24 showed the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor activity at concentration of 10 mg/mL; however, they were less effective than acarbose which is a commercial ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.269-277
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• 2006

This study prepared functional oyster hydrolysates using two-step enzymatic hydrolysis and investigated their functional properties. To prepare two-step enzymatic hydrolysates (TSEH), oysters were hydrolyzed using 1% Protamex (PR) at $40^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.0 for 1 hr before sequential treatment with one of the following enzymes for 1 hr: Alcalase (AL), Flavourzyme (FL), Neutrase (NE), pepsin (PE), and trypsin (TR). The PRAL, PRNE and PRTR hydrolysates had significantly greater angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity than did PR and the other TSEHs. Only the antioxidant activity of the PRNE hydrolysate was significantly different (p<0.05), while none of the TSEHs had antimicrobial activity. The oyster hydrolysate prepared by sequential treatment with Protamex and Neutrase (PRNE) had the best ACE inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity, with $IC_{50}$ values of 0.40 and 0.94 mg/mL, respectively. The PRNE hydrolysate was processed through an ultrafiltration (UF) series with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) membranes of 3, 5, 10, and 30 kDa, and the ACE inhibitory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of the permeates were determined. The permeate through the 3-kDa MWCO membrane had greater ACE inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity than did the other PRNE permeates, with $IC_{50}$ values of 0.11 and 0.40 mg/mL, respectively.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.6-14
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• 2010

Pretreatment of cellulosic biomass is necessary before enzymatic saccharification and fermentation. Extrusion is a well established process in food industries and it can be used as a physicochemical treatment method for cellulosic biomass. Aqueous ammonia soaking treatment at mild temperatures ranging from 60 to $80^{\circ}C$ for longer reaction times has been used to preserve most of the cellulose and hemicellulose in the biomass. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of extrusion treatment on aqueous ammonia soaking method. Extrusion was performed with miscanthus sample conditioned to 2mm of particle size and 20% of moisture content at $200^{\circ}C$ of barrel temperature and 175rpm of screw speed. And then aqueous ammonia soaking was performed with 15%(w/w) ammonia solution at $60^{\circ}C$ for 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 hours on the extruded and raw miscanthus samples respectively. In the combined extrusion-soaking treatment, most compositions removal occurred within 1~2 hours and on a basis of 1 hour soaking treatment values, cellulose was recovered about 85% and other compositions, including hemicellulose, are removed about 50% from extruded miscanthus sample. The combined extrusion-soaking treated and soaking only treated samples were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase. The enzymatic digestibility value of combined extrusion-2 hours soaking treated sample was comparable to 12 hours soaking only treated sample. It means that extrusion treatment can shorten the conventional long reaction time of aqueous ammonia soaking. The findings suggest that the combination of extrusion and soaking is a promising pretreatment method to solve both problems for no lignin removal of extrusion and long reaction time of aqueous ammonia soaking.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.203-208
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• 2018

In this study, the hydrolysis conditions for the production of anti-inflammatory peptides from meat and roe hydrolysates of sandfish (Arctoscopus japonicus) were determined by measuring the nitric oxide (NO) scavenging enzymatic activity, experimental pH, temperature, enzyme concentration, and hydrolysis time. The optimal conditions determined when using meat hydrolysate were a pH value of 5.0, at a temperature of $30^{\circ}C$, 1% enzyme concentration, and 4 h hydrolysis time. The optimal conditions when using roe hydrolysate were a pH of 5.0, a temperature of $70^{\circ}C$, enzyme concentration of 3%, and hydrolysis time of 3 h. The NO scavenging activities of meat and roe hydrolysate were determined to be 18.94 and 19.81%, respectively. In summary, this study determined the optimum enzymatic hydrolysis conditions for the production of anti-inflammatory peptides from sandfish.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.783-790
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the non-enzymatic antioxidants stabilities in dentifrices by ascorbic acid and tocopherol according to the chemical condition. Methods: For the analysis of two antioxidants, HPLC UV detector system was used. HPLC was performed using sodium sulfate, acetonitrile(ACN), methanol(MeOH) and measuring absorbance at 240-295 nm. To confirm general pH reaction of two compounds, buffer solution was prepared for the analysis. The dentifrice was titrated by pH so as to examine the change of elapsed time in dentifrice. Linearity of calibration curve of two antioxidants was measured. Results: Each compound showed good linearity at optimized wavelength as well as showing good precision. General pH reaction of two antioxidants was examined. Ascorbic acid showed the highest residue(63.23%) at pH 10 and the lowest residue(2.77%) at pH 4. Tocopherol showed the highest residue(55.70%) at pH 7 and the lowest residue(3.31%) at pH 4. As a result of changing elapsed time of antioxidants in dentifrice by pH, components were remained stably at low temperature($39.2^{\circ}F$) and pH 7. Conclusions: It is necessary to keep dentifrice including ascorbic acid and tocopherol, and non-enzymatic antioxidants at pH 7 and low temperature for improving chemical stability.