• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.302-313
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was conducted to assess environmental health status on a local scale using environmental health-related indicators. It demonstrated the possibility of using a structural equation model, a methodological approach to provide synthesized information. Methods: Eighteen indicators were selected from official statistical data published by local governments. Each environmental health-related indicator was classified according to the PSR (pressure-state-response) model. Aggregation methods were performed using principal component analysis and fuzzy sets. Results: The five principal components were classified through principal component analysis (PCA) and obtained eigenvalues >1.0 from the initial 18 indicators. The aggregated index was obtained by condensing the original information into two broad and simple categories through fuzzy sets. Conclusion: This could be useful in that the aggregation procedure may provide a basis for establishing environmental health policies and a decision-making process. However, the availability and quality of indicators, assessment of aggregation method bias, choice of weighted scores for indicators, and other factors should be examined in future studies.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.305-313
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• 2015

Objectives: The objective of this study is to identify toxicants causing acute toxicity in effluents from the aluminum rolling industry that violate the discharge limits in Korea. Methods: Whole effluent toxicity tests (WET) were conducted on effluent discharged from the aluminum rolling industry following the US EPA WET test methods. We collected effluent samples three times and evaluated acute toxicity by using Daphnia magna. We employed toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedures to identify toxicants causing toxicity in the effluent. Results: No specific chemical groups were identified in the seven different manipulations applied to the of wastewater effluent samples showing 1.3 toxic units (TU) according to the TIE phase I procedures. Water quality parameters for water hardness, electric conductivity and heavy metals (Mn) were 4,322 mg/l as $CaCO_3$, 11.39 mS/cm, and $5,551{\mu}g/l$, respectively. Considering water hardness and reference toxicity, high concentrations of Mn can be disqualified from the causative toxicants. Consequently, high ionic concentrations of $Na^+$(1,648 mg/l), $Ca^{2+}$(1,048 mg/l), $Mg^{2+}$(1,428 mg/l) and $SO_4{^{2-}}$(7,472 mg/l) were identified to be causative toxicants. Water hardness and electric conductivity exceed the $EC_{50}$ value obtained by biological toxicity tests using Daphnia magna. Conclusion: According to TIE procedures, high salt concentration is determined to be a major toxicant in the effluent of agro-industrial wastewater treatment plants receiving wastewater from the aluminum rolling industry.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.409-420
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• 2010

Heritage resources have become important social assets as the global interests in heritage tourism increased. Utilization of heritage as unique tourist destination has positive effects on regional economy, which in turn plays an important role in heritage conservation. However, it was found that the essential quality of heritage resources has been degraded and even destroyed when excessive use was permitted. This undesirable side-effects of heritage tourism have led to the growing concern for sustainable tourism that can contribute to both utilization and conservation of heritage. In order for sustainable tourism to be effectively implemented, it is crucial for visitors to be aware of the need for heritage conservation because they are the most important consumers of the heritage. The purpose of this study was to suggest some basic information for sustainable tourism by investigating visitors' evaluation of conservation and use values of heritage resources. The study sites were the two Korean traditional temples(Sokrisan Bubjusa and Naejangsan Naejangsa) and contingent valuation method was used. 390 visitors in Bubjusa and 308 visitors in Naejangsa participated in the questionnaire survey. From the results, sustainable tourism is possible in such heritage areas as traditional temples because the participants had relatively balanced values for heritage conservation and use. The WTP for natural conservation value was found to be highest in both temples; visitors may be more agreeable with the heritage conservation plan if the sustainability of natural resource is emphasized. Also, the use value of heritage could be influenced by the tourism utilization of the area where the heritage was located. If there are no other famous tourist destinations except the heritage in the area, additional plans to develop alternative destinations should be prepared in order to formulate the agreement on the need to protect the heritage among visitors, local communities, and government.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권9호
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• pp.940-948
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• 2006

형광측정법은 자연유기물질을 간편하고 신속하게 분석함으로써 타 분석법에 비해 현장에서 실시간으로 수질관리에 활용할 수 있는 월등한 장점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 표준자연유기물질, 호소수 및 하천수 등 다양한 시료의 형광지표($F_{450}/F_{500}$), synchronous 스펙트럼, 형광 EEM(excitation-emission matrix)을 조사하고 시료 간 상호비교를 통해 자체생성/외부생성 유기물, 단백질계, 펄빅산계, 휴믹산계, 육질성 휴믹산계 형광특성 영역을 구분하였다. 또한 각 영역간의 형광세기 비를 이용하여 다양한 유기물 성분의 상대적인 분포를 파악하였다. 각 시료에서 얻어진 형광특성 및 형광세기 비는 시료의 수질 특징에서 예상되는 결과와 잘 일치하였다. 자연유기물의 생성지가 육지성일수록 외부생성 유기물 및 육질성 휴믹산계 형광특징이 더 크게 나타났고 하수 처리수의 영향을 받거나 조류 및 미생물 활동이 활발한 지점에서는 단백질계 형광특성이 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 특히, synchronous 형광스펙트럼이나 형광 EEM에서 얻어지는 단백질계/육질성 휴믹산계 형광세기 비는 도심지 하천의 경우 하수종말처리장 방류수 영향을 평가하는 지표로, 또한 호수의 경우 조류 및 미생물 활동 정도를 예측하는 지시자로서 사용될 수 있음을 보여 주었다. 본 연구는 현장시료를 사용한 자연유기물질 형광분석법 및 그 해석에 대한 기초자료를 제시하였으며 이 연구결과는 향후 유기물 성분분포 파악이 필요한 수질관리 분야에서 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.725-734
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• 2012

The outbreak of foot and mouth disease in November 2010 raised many social, economic and environmental issues and water contaminations by leachate from carcass disposal sites particularly emerged as a serious concern. In oder to efficiently handle these problems, a critical method is required to transport leachate to livestock manure and sewage treatment plants and purify it. This study aims to present the best applicable method to transport leachate from carcass disposal sites into livestock manure and sewage treatment facilities. We investigated the biological and chemical characteristics such as BOD, COD, SS, TN, TP and Total coliforms. Current conjugated treatments in livestock manure and sewage treatment plants was studied by surveying the operations of those facilities. The NIER-MASS(National Institute of Environmental Research - Mass Balance Evaluation System of Sewage Treatment Facilities) program was applied to present the best conjugated treatment method through estimating the maximum daily load to meet the water quality standards in effluent.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to evaluate various pre-treatment methods and proprieties of water quality for wastewater reuse using reverse osmosis (RO) processes. Secondary effluents were sampled from wastewater treatment plants and lab scale pre-treatments and RO filtration test were conducted systematically. Specifically, different types of pre-treatments, such as coagulation, microfiltration and ultrafiltration, were employed to evaluate the removal efficiency of particle and organic matters which may affect the membrane fouling rate. RO process was later added to eliminate trace amounts of remaining organic matters and salt from the raw water for wastewater reclamation. The permeate through the RO process satisfied water quality regulations for industrial water uses. The experimental results showed that the initial fouling tendency differed not only by the feed water properties but also by the membrane characteristics. Membrane fouling was greater for the membranes with large surface roughness, regardless of the hydrophobicity and zeta potentials. Thus both careful consideration of pre-treatment options and proper selection of RO membrane are of paramount importance for an efficient operation of wastewater treatment.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.574-579
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• 2019

As interest in health issues increases, it is imperative to ensure good water quality from wastewater treatment plant effluent to preserve environmental health. In particular, currently there is a lack of water ecosystem risk assessment on pharmaceutical substances remaining in effluent. In this study, antidepressant escitalopram (ESC), antiepileptic carbamazepine (CBZ) and lead, which impact the behavior of aquatic organisms, were used to test their impact on the potential behavior of zebrafish. Zebrafish have been widely used in toxicological assessment studies due to the ease of handlinggenerically and genetically. It was possible to observe changes in the growth of organisms through monitoring the embryos' cognitive and behavior assessment. In this study, the embryo lethal dose test showed that the lethal concentration of ESC and CBZ was at 10 ppb, which is below the water quality criterion (100 ppb), increased by 32.5 % and 40 %, respectively. In the cognitive test, it was found that the cognitive ability function decreased by 22 % and 17% for ESC(500 ppb) and CBZ(1,000 ppb) respectively relative to control. Based on these results, it is necessary to initiate efforts to remove these trace pollutants from sewage treatment facilities to protect the health of aquatic organisms.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.469-485
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• 2018

On September 26, 2017, South Korean government has established the Particulate Matter Comprehensive Plan to improve Korean air quality by 2022, which aims to reduce annual mean surface $PM_{2.5}$ concentration to $18{\mu}g/m^3$. This study demonstrates quantitative assessment of predicted $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations over 17 South Korean regions with the enforcement of the comprehensive plan. We utilize the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with CAPSS 2013 and CREATE 2015 emissions inventories. Simulations are conducted for 2015 with the base emissions and the planned emissions, and impacts from model biases are minimized using the RRF (Relative Response Factor). With effective emission reduction scenario suggested by the comprehensive plan, the model demonstrates that the surface $PM_{2.5}$ concentration may decrease by $6{\mu}g/m^3$ ($23{\mu}g/m^3{\rightarrow}17{\mu}g/m^3$) and $7{\mu}g/m^3$ ($25{\mu}g/m^3{\rightarrow}18{\mu}g/m^3$) for Seoul and South Korea, respectively. The number of high $PM_{2.5}$ days(daily mean>$25{\mu}g/m^3$) also decreases from 21 days to 4 days.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.333-341
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 양도 초등학교에 강우량과 집수면적, LPCD를 고려하여 빗물이용시설을 설치하였다. 빗물이용시설은 학교 내 외의 상수를 대체하고자 하는 목적으로 설계되었다. 용량은 2톤으로 학교 용수의 34.4%를 대체할 수 있었으며 1년의 2/3정도인 237일 동안 빗물을 사용할 수 있었다. 총 세 차례의 수질검사 결과 일반 세균을 제외한 나머지는 먹는 물 수질에 적합하였다. 또한 동시간에 조사한 주변 지하수는 일반세균을 비롯한 질산성질소, 증발잔류물이 기준치를 초과하였다. 빗물의 수질 및 수량을 고려한 결과, 양도초등학교의 경우 빗물을 대체용수로서 사용하기에 적합하였다. 빗물시설에 대한 경제성 분석 결과, 내구연수 10년인 빗물이용시설은 B/C (Benefit-Cost Ratio) 비율이 1.70으로 경제성 편익이 비용보다 큰 걸로 나타났다. 특히 본 연구에서 고려한 사회적인 요인 외에도 금액으로 환산하기 힘든 홍수방지, 가뭄대비, 교육 효과가 있어 사회적 편익이 더욱 증가할 것으로 예상된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.945-956
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• 2021

In this study, the effects of single and binary heavy metals toxicity on the growth and phosphorus removal ability of Bacillus sp.. known as be a phosphorus-removing microorganism, were quantitatively evaluated. Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni were used as heavy metals. As a result of analysis of variance of the half of inhibition concentration and half of effective concentration for each single heavy metal treatment group, the inhibitory effect on the growth of Bacillus sp. was Ni < Pb < Zn < Cu < Cd. And the inhibitory effect on phosphorus removal by Bacillus sp. was Ni < Pb < Zn < Cu < Cd. When analyzing the correlation between growth inhibition and phosphorus removal efficiency of a single heavy metal treatment group, a negative correlation was found (R² = 0.815), and a positive correlation was found when the correlation between IC₅₀ and EC₅₀ was analyzed (R² = 0.959). In all binary heavy metal treatment groups, the interaction was an antagonistic effect when evaluated using the additive toxicity index method. This paper is considered to be basic data on the toxic effects of heavy metals when phosphorus is removed using phosphorus removal microorganisms in wastewater.