• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.147-175
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• 2018

Under authoritarian regimes, citizen-led NGOs such as environmental NGOs (ENGOs) often operate under close scrutiny of the government. While this presents a challenge to a single ENGO, we propose here - in line with existing research on network effects - that there are opportunities for multiple ENGOs to coordinate and thus work in ways that supersede government controls, affect public opinion, and contribute to policy revision and/or creation. In this paper, we specifically examine the possibility that the gamut of citizen-based ENGOs in China are coordinating. Based on network analysis of ENGOs web pages as well as interviews with more than a dozen ENGO leaders between 2014 and 2016, we find that ENGOs have few direct and public connections to each other, but social media sites and personal connections offline provide a crucial function in creating bridges. A closer examination of these bridges reveals, however, that they can be substantive to the environmental discussion or functional to the dissemination of web page information but typically not both. In short, ENGOs in China are not directly connected but rather are connected in a way that responds to the available social media and the government's censorship practices.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2006

Government uses some sections of intended areas of abolition in Development Restricted Zones(DRZ) to construct a million national rental houses. It has been opposed by environmental NGOs, local governments and land owners. Therefore, government carried out a questionnaire survey to make plans for the better development of housing estates for national rental houses in DRZ. The results of the survey are as follows: First, using abolished DRZ has to be kept to a minimum, though the continued construction of this kind of houses is inevitable. Second, it has to be designed using pro-environmental techniques. Third, the discussion between the interested groups was not enough. Fourth, residents were dissatisfied with the compensation package. The policies based on this research, are as follows: First, meetings for projects presentation and public hearings have to be held on a regular basis. In addition, the consultative council with residents, local NGOs, and local governments should be combined. Second, The plan should promote social integration through the mixing of rental and owner-occupied houses. Third, a compensation policy, which offers land or houses, and not only cash, needs to be introduced.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 1992

Residents Participation in Environmental Problems is essential for achieving better environmental. But, the Residents Participation in Korea is lack of popularity and still be situated in the level of only problem raises and protests afterwards. Public Environmental Education necessary for Residents Participation, is not a pratical education, because the education in the government side be performed mostly for the government employees and the environmental experts. To encourage the Residents Participation in Environmental Problems, the decision procedure of the environmental policies should by opened, and pratical movements. To enhance the Public Environmental Education, the NGOs' programs and mass-media campaign for environment should be enlarged and supported by the government.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.107-119
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• 2006

This research reviews the current state of the environmental problems in Northeastern Asia and emphasizes the necessity of building a sustainable regime of multilateral environmental cooperation. The Process and problems of multilateral environmental cooperation system are briefly discussed. This research stresses the importance of contractual environment that enhances the level of enforcement of international environmental agreement. Within the contractual environment, international regimes can support the parties of conference to build up administrative capacity and scientific technology to cope with transborder pollution problems. Some policy proposals such as cooperation among central governments and local governments, and the participation of NGOs are suggested.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.126-139
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of designating the environmental education center for researcher, teacher, professor, NGOs. The questionnaire was composed of the introduction of designation, human resources, function, operation, facilities and 131 participated in this survey. According to the results of the study, First, environmental education center is divided into four types(national, municipal A, municipal B, private environmental education center). Second, according to the type, It is necessary to put the difference in each center. Third, the majors and career about environmental education are needed for staff.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.89-211
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• 1993

The Korean government embarked upon ambitious economic development plans in the 1960's the goals of development policy at that time were the elimination of absolute poverty and the alleviation of unemployment. With scant natural resources, the government had to push for industrialization based upon borrowed foreign raw materials with surplus local labor. Preoccupation with the economic goals of industrialization and export expansion left little room for considering environmental protection. It is evident that Korea's exported industrialization strategy of the past three decades has been a success in terms of income, production, and other macroeconomic indicators, but it cannot be denied that a host of undesirable side-effects have been created. These include environmental problems. congestion in several large cities, poor wealth distribution, and regional disparities. The environmental problems were recognized even in the early stage of development, but preoccupation with the pending economic goals of industrialization and export expansion left little room for considering environment protection. The perceived and actual seriousness of the problems, however, has reached such a level that further negligence may imperil political stability and developmental problems facing the world arise from a world economic order characterized by ever expanding consumption and production, which exhausts and contaminates natural resources and creates and perpetuates gross inequalities between and within nations. It will be necessary to develop new culture and ethical values, transform economic structures, and reorient, our lifestyles. Changing lifestyles can not be promoted by government policy initiative alone but through self=generated educational efforts and mutual training by people themselves. The citizens group for environment (NGOs) should assume these educational and training responsibilities starting from grass-root level of people. It must be reawakened to the reality that the environmental preservation for better quality of life is based on the development of human relationships, creativity, spirituality, reverance for the natural world and celebration of life, and is not dependent upon increased consumption of non-basic material goods. To carry on such environment education social movements and NGOs should (1) provides educational methodologies, which focus on values clarification and moving beyond clarification and moving beyond blame to constructive action. (2) provide training for leaders of business and industry, government, union and others on consumption and production. (3) initiate and support the training and work of environmental counselor who encourage responsible consumption. (4) cooperative with media to initiate and strengthen educational programs on the social environmental programs on the social environmental impacts of consumption and production and to build awareness of consumer responsibility and potential. Economic and social development can be compatible with environment protection : both can be achieved simultaneously. Effective environmental management depends on the various factors : political will, institutional arrangements, appropriate legislation, and availability of the requistite financial and technological resources, which is possible with a strong public awareness of the importance of environmental preservation.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2003

수산, 항만, 관광 등 남해 연안 바다의 이용은 지역경제의 중요한 부분을 차지하고 있다. 기존의 연안관리와 연안 환경 문제에 관한 일시적인 처방은 더 이상 유동성 적조, 산소결핍, 잘피 서식의 감소 등 연안 문제 해결의 방안이 되지 못하고 있다. 1999년 연안관리법이 통과된 후 2001년부터 현재까지 연안지역관리계획이 수립되고 있다. 연안지역관리계획에는 연안 생태도시 구축, 연안오염물질 감소, 제도적 장치 개발, 모니터링 계획, 예산확보 등이 포함되어 있다. 연안역 통합관리의 성공적인 출발은 중앙정부와 지자체의 협조뿐만 아니라 지역의 NGO와의 조화로운 모색이 필요하다. 연안관리의 해역분류 중 특별관리해역으로 지정된 마산만 지역에는 마산만 살리기 시민연합이 조성되어 과학적인 정보의 제공과 지역 특수성에 부합될 수 있는 여러 가지 활동이 진행됨으로써 성공적인 연안통합관리의 실행이 가능해지고 있다.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.83-95
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• 2005

본 연구는 참여동기를 유형화한 연구들 중 경제학적인 틀로 참여동기를 유형화한 Olsen의 연구,개인수준에서 사회운동 참여에 영향을 미치는 변수를 고찰한 Klenderman의 연구, 사회발전을 위한 주민 자신의 능동적 역할의 측면에서 본 주민 참여동기를 고찰하여 국내연구에서 가장 널리 구분하는 이기적 참여동기와 이타적 참여동기로 구분하여 고찰하였다. 첫째, 이기적 참여동기는 비용 편익 판단기준을 일반적으로 직업 혹은 경력과 관련시키는 경우가 많다. 이기적 참여동기를 가지고 있는 사람의 보상체계는 단기간에 획득할 수 있는 직접적인 이득이나 다른 사람을 돕는 일이 대부분인 봉사활동인 경우조차도 이기적인 동기가 녹아져 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 젊은층의 사람들은 직장을 구하는데 도움이 될 수 있는 기술을 배우기 위하여 봉사활동에 참여하기도 한다. 이러한 활동참여의 경험이 미래에 직업을 구하거나, 인간관계를 형성한다거나, 좋은 직장을 구하는데 좋은 계기나 기회로 활용되기도 하기 때문인다. 이러한 이기적 동기를 가진 참여자들은 개인의 성장과 직업발전에 큰 관심을 갖고 있으며, 이러한 도구적인 요인이 남을 돕는 요인보다 더 크게 영향을 미치는 것으로 파악되기도 한다. 둘째, 이타적 참여동기는 타인의 복지의 향상을 위해 노력하는 것이다. 이타적 참여동기를 갖고 있는 사람들은 개인의 성과나 개인적인 관심보다는 사회적으로 더 큰 가치가 있는 목적을 추구하는 경향이 있다. 하지만, 이타주의적인 동기를 갖고 있는 사람들이 모두 자신의 희생을 바탕으로 활동을 하거나 자신의 이익에 반하는 행동을 하는 것은 아니다. 즉, 개인의 편익과는 무관하게 도움이 필요한 타인을 돕고 그들의 복지를 증진시키기 위하여 노력하는 것이 이타주의적 참여동기의 큰 특징이라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 이타주의적 참여동기를 갖고 있는 사람들은 자신들의 공헌이 타인의 복지를 향상시킬 가능성이나 개연성만 있더라도 활동에 참여하게 된다. 최근에 동기에 관한 조사들에서 이타적 동기보다는 이기적 동기가 높게 나타나고 있는데(조휘일, 1990; 홍승혜, 1995; 권지성, 1999; 김소영, 2000; 이종혜, 2001; 이근주, 2002; 고운미, 2004), 이는 참여활동가들에게 이타적 동기뿐만 아니라 이기적 동기 또한 중요성이 증가하고 있음을 알 수 있다.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.229-240
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• 2017

This paper assessed environmental sanitation behaviour of market operators in selected markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. The two largest markets in the study area (Aleshinloye and Bodija markets) were selected for sampling. The selected markets represented the two types of markets; modern and traditional markets. The modern market comprises 3803 shops while the traditional market comprises 5943 shops. Multistage sampling technique was adopted in questionnaire administration. The selected markets were stratified into zones based on the goods sold. Systematic sampling was used in the selection of traders across the markets. 2% of traders were selected for sampling in each category of goods sold making a total of 189 respondents. This comprises 77 of traders from modern market and 112 traders from traditional markets. Descriptive and Inferential statistics were used in analysing the data. Findings revealed poor access to environmental sanitation facilities especially at the traditional market. The study also established poor environmental sanitation behaviour in terms of utilisation of available amenities across both markets. It recommended a synergy of efforts by all environmentally concerned institutions in managing the market environment. It also advocated for the provision of environmental sanitation facilities in markets by, government, market management authorities, traders, Community Based Organizations (CBOs) and Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs). In addition environmental education is imperative while enforcement of environmental regulations in the market and others with similar setting is strongly encouraged.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.143-155
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• 2018

The article compares economic and environmental performance of Taipei and Almaty from the point of view of "green" economy, which is able to act as a key tool to ensure sustainable development of the region. As the comparison of the parameters of ecological and economic development of the Taipei and Almaty cities shows, they are similar in population size, but demonstrate completely different trends of sustainable development. Economic performance of the Taipei city is achieved with a decrease in the consumption of natural resources and the production of pollution, while the situation in Almaty is the opposite. Almaty maintains a high level of air pollution due to the use of coal in electricity production, as well as increased traffic and density of construction, including the southern part of the city, which is a zone for the transit of mountain air flows. The article discusses the activities jointly conducted by the Government of Taiwan and non-governmental organizations on environmental issues, as well as environmental NGOs, which resulted in significant improvements in the environmental field. Measures to stimulate the development and implementation of environmental innovations applied in the field of sustainable development in the city of Taipei can be adapted for the city of Almaty, where the environmental situation deteriorates year by year.