• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 2015

The interest in renewable energy which can reduce greenhouse gas emissions has risen in the world including Korea. In Korea, solar energy generation accounts for a major percentage of electricity production using renewable energy and the solar power plants have been increasingly installed in Korea. The problem is, however, that researches on the location selection of solar power plants are unreasonably insufficient although the photovoltaic technology of the domestic solar power plants has been evolving. Thus, advanced solar energy technology could not be fully used. What is more, the indiscriminate installation of the solar power plants seriously damages the nature environment. In this study, conditions of the power plants location are analyzed in consideration of the social, cultural, environmental, economic factors and the optimum location is selected by visualizing and weighing various factors through the analytic hierarchy process. This study shows that the problem caused by the indiscriminate installation of a solar power plant could be prevented by determining the location after considering the influence of several factors. This paper would be helpful not only for the selection of location for solar plant installation in progress, but also for taking follow-up measures on the existing solar power plants placed wrongly.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.393-401
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• 2016

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation from the sun is the primary environmental factor that causes skin damages including skin cancer and premature skin aging. Because, even the most powerful sunscreen can't always afford enough protection, it is necessary to enhance the defensive power of skin against UV. Recently, constitutive photomorphogenic protein-1 (COP1) has shown to contribute to the regulation of UVB response of keratinocytes. In this study, we represent that COP1 and its associated protein, de-etiolated 1 (DET1), might participate in photoaging process in human skin as Arabidopsis COP1 does sun-protective function in plants. After UVB irradiation, the decrease of COP1 and DET1 mRNA expression was followed by the increase of c-Jun total protein. Moreover, transfection with DNA vectors expressing COP1 and DET1 down-regulated the c-Jun total protein. We found that Zanthoxylum piperitum extract (ZE) up-regulated the expression of COP1 and DET1 on human keratinocytes, and inhibited the expression of MMP1 which is one of the genes regulated by c-Jun signal. In addition, ZE has been reported to stimulate PPAR-${\alpha}$ and strengthen the skin barrier. We found that ZE decreased the UVB-induced IL-6 and IL-8 in NHEK cells. In human study, ZE protected skin against UV-B induced erythema and erythema-induced pigmentation. These results indicate that ZE could be useful for the protection against the adverse effects of UV irradiation through various mechanisms.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1321-1328
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• 2015

The automobiles in Korea have approximately 60 years of history and this is relatively short compared to advanced countries. However, considering the traffic accident rate or severity related to automobiles, various efforts are required to reduce traffic accidents. Various problems caused by traffic accidents are not only related to individual damages but also have become social problems. In order to resolve this, it is important to analyze the cause of traffic accidents. This study aims to suggest methods to reduce traffic accidents by analyzing driving behavior, which is one of the reasons for a number of traffic accidents that were collected through traffic accident videos reported using DVRs (Driving Video Recorder) and were aired to the public via a SBS TV program for the past two years and four months. In particular, unlike other existing studies that aim at analyzing the causes of traffic accidents simply using data, this study constructed a database by analyzing every single DVR that stores the situation before and after the accident using relatively high-resolution video information to provide practical plans to reduce traffic accidents through statistical analysis.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.725-735
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• 2008

Due to recent climate change, flood damages have been increased, but it is difficult to construct large hydraulic structure for flood control such as dam because of environmental, economical and political problems. For this reason, several researches and studies have tried to use washland as an alternative of hydraulic facility. Because sizes of washlands are usually smaller than those of dams or reservoirs, there can be many available locations for washlands in a basin and proper combination of these locations can reduce flood disasters efficiently. However, in case there are many available locations for washland and many combinations to consider, it is very difficult to determine the optimal combination which yields to provide the maximum benefit. For the more, hydraulic approach that used in previous studies to calculate flood reduction effect needs a lot of time for calculation and sometimes can not give the final result. In this study, the flood reduction effect of washland is calculated by hydrologic approach and decision making model for optimal location of washland using genetic algorithm for determination of optimal solution is developed. The developed model has been applied to the Ansung River basin in order to examine the applicability and the application result shows that developed model can be used as decision making model for washland.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.3-12
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• 2009

Ozone tolerance of tree species was determined by standard index of physiological damages and biochemical defense responses under short-term ozone exposure. At the end of 150ppb $O_3$ fumigation, photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidative enzyme activities were analyzed in the leaves of five species(Koelreuteria paniculata, Firmiana simplex, Styrax japonica, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Viburnum sargentii). Injury index was determined by the effect of ozone on photosynthetic parameters and malondialdehyde(MDA) content, and tolerance index was calculated using the rate of increase in superoxide dismutase(SOD), ascorbate-peroxidase(APX), glutathione reductase(GR) and catalase(CAT) activities. Apparent quantum yield(AQY), carboxylation efficiency(Ce) and photo-respiration rate(PR) decreased in the leaves of five species with increasing ozone exposure time. These parameters were considered as an appropriate indicator for stress evaluation. Antioxidative enzyme activities showed various results depending on the tree species, exposure time, and enzyme types. SOD activity of K. paniculata increased with ozone exposure time, and that of F. rhynchophylla increased only after 6 hours of ozone exposure. CAT activity of $O_3$-exposed F. simplex was lower than the control. Based on standard index, ozone tolerance ability of five species was determined as two tolerant species(F. rhynchophylla > K. paniculata) and three sensitive species(S. japonica > F. simplex > V. sargentii).

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.637-645
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• 2011

It is well known that high strength concrete with compressive strength higher than 50 MPa shows severe material and structural damages under fire due to spalling. To understand degradation of structural capacity of fire damaged high strength concrete structures, not only thermo-mechanical behavior needs to be defined, but also structural behavior of high strength concrete member under high temperature needs to be investigated. In this study, structural tests are performed by applying axial loads on high strength concrete columns exposed at elevated temperatures for assigned amount of time. The tested columns are prepared to have different concrete strength and polypropylene fiber percentage. The test results show that structural capacity of the columns decreased with increased compressive strength of concrete under same heating condition. Especially, it is interesting to note that high strength concrete columns with polypropylene fiber for spalling proof did not improve structural capacity compared to the columns without polypropylene fiber. The findings from the test are able to improve fire proof design of high strength concrete structural members and predicting structural performance of fire damaged structural members.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.429-435
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• 2020

North Korea declared itself complete with nuclear force after its sixth nuclear test in 2017. Despite efforts at home and abroad to denuclearize the Korean Peninsula, the prospects for the denuclearization are not bright. Along with political and diplomatic efforts to deter NK's WMD threats, the government is required to strengthen its consequence management capabilities against 'catastrophic situations' expected in case of emergency. Accordingly, this study was conducted to present measures to strengthen follow-up management against CBRN threats. The research model was partially supplemented and utilized by the THIRA process adopted and utilized by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security among national-level disaster management plan development models. Korea's consequence management (CM) system encompasses risk and crisis management on disaster condition. The system has been carried out in the form of a civil, government and military integrated defense operations for the purpose of curbing the spread or use of CBRNs, responding to threats, and minimizing expected damages. The preventive stage call for the incorporation of CBRN concept and CM procedures into the national management system, supplementing the integrated alarm systems, preparation of evacuation facilities, and establishment of the integrated training systems. In the preparation phase, readjustment of relevant laws and manuals, maintenance of government organizations, developing performance procedures, establishing the on-site support systems, and regular training are essential. In the response phase, normal operations of the medical support system for first aid and relief, installation and operation of facilities for decontamination, and development of regional damage assessment and control guidelines are important. In the recovery phase, development of stabilization evaluation criteria and procedures, securing and operation of resources needed for damage recovery, and strengthening of regional damage recovery capabilities linked to local defense forces, reserve forces and civil defense committees are required.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.603-611
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• 2011

In order to enhance cutting efficiency of reed culms, we had assessed diverse methodology in cutting and applied better conditions among them into three vigorous eco-types of common reed. From the results, differences in a eco-type, a sampling area in reed population and substrata affected the shoot emergence slightly. On the other hand, differences in a type of burying culms and a burying part among whole culm affected shoot emergence strongly. Our results suggest that not only methodological condition but also appropriate kind of eco-types must be considered in using reed culms for better cutting. In addition that, sampling timing according to the geological and climatic condition of certain area should be considered for better cutting efficiency as well. We also recommend that the sampling area such as expanding area in a population, burying a middle part of the culm, substratum such as well-ventilated sand and vertical burying method for better cutting efficiency. Lastly, for more enhancement of cutting efficiency of reed culms, potential damages by blight and harmful insects such like aphids should be concerned very carefully.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.319-329
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• 2009

Sediment release openings or pipes are installed in the flood control dam constructed to reduce flood damages, which are to allow water and sediments pass through the dam and to prevent flow blockage and sedimentation in the upstream area of the dam. The Hantan River Flood Control Dam (HRFCD) has been projected for flood damage reduction and sediment release openings and ecological passages are considered for the dam design. In this study, sediment deposition due to the construction of HRFCD was analyzed using the HEC-6 model and compared with the state before the dam construction with respect to the conditions of the annual mean daily discharge and annual discharge hydrograph. According to the numerical results, although downstream water levels were changed by the dam structure, the effects of bed changes were not propagated from the dam over 2 km upstream. Also, 2D numerical models of RMA2 and SED2D were used to predict bed changes in the upstream area with and without sediment release openings. Consequently, it is presented that sediment release openings decreased maximum deposition height in the upstream channel of the dam.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.2169-2175
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• 2009

This research aims to evaluate the concept of eco-efficient water infrastructure and provides a list of case studies in order to help understand the applicability of eco-efficient water infrastructure to Asia and the Pacific. A set of indicators have been explored to assess eco-efficiency in water infrastructure for the region on a micro and macro scale. The core idea of eco-efficiency, 'more value with less impact (on the environment)', has proven to be applicable in management of water infrastructure. The fundamental elements in eco-efficient water infrastructure should encompass physical infrastructure and non-physical infrastructure, which is more needed particularly in Asian countries. The case studies have demonstrated the applicability of the concept of eco-efficient water infrastructure. The Republic of Korea has provided the case of the eco-friendly approaches to enhance dam management and its innovative solutions how to use water more efficiently through state-of-art technologies. The experiences of Singapore are some of the best evidence to establish eco-efficient water infrastructure, for instance, the NEWater project via application of cutting edge technologies (recycled water) and institutional reform in water tariff systems to conserve water as well as enhance water quality. A list of indicators to assess eco-efficiency in water infrastructure have been discussed, and the research presents a myriad of project cases which are good to represent eco-efficiency in water infrastructure, including multipurpose small dams, customized flood defense systems, eco-efficient ground water use, and eco-efficient desalination plants. The study has presented numerous indicators in five different categories: 1) the status of water availability and infrastructure; 2) production and consumption patterns of freshwater; 3) agricultural products and sources of environmental loads; 4) damages from water-caused natural disaster; and 5) urban water supply and sanitation. There are challenges as well as benefits in such indicators, since the indicators should be applied very carefully in accordance with specific socio-economic, political and policy contexts in different countries in Asia and the Pacific Region. The key to success of establishment of eco-efficient water infrastructure in Asia primarily depends on the extent to which each country is committed to balancing its development of physical as well as non-physical water infrastructure. Particularly, it is imperative for Asian countries to transform its policy focus from physical infrastructure to non-physical infrastructure. Such shift will help lead to implementation of sustainable in Asian countries.