• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.207-218
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• 2007

Coming with the well-being era, consumer's demand for safe agricultural products is increasing. So, it is urgent to develop an environment-friendly rice production system. Accordingly, this study was conducted to develop an environment-friendly rice production system by using Amo known as EM(effective microorganisms) and also known as being effective in environment-friendly rice production with several other environment-friendly agricultural materials. The highest number of tillers per hill was obtained from level 2 of EM treatment (48.8 tillers per hill), while the lowest was obtained from the control plot (41.0 tillers per hill). Leaf area per hill at heading stage was the highest in level 3 of EM treatment $(3228.5cm^2)$, while control was the lowest leaf area $(2264.7cm^2)$, which is 70.2% compared to the level 3 of EM treatment. The highest effective tillers was obtained from the control (63.7%), while the lowest effective tillers was obtained from the level 3 of EM treatment (55.4%), which were treated with higher amounts of environment-friendly agricultural materials. Level 3 of EM treatment showed the highest number of panicles per hill (20.9), while the control showed the lowest number of panicles per hill (19.3). In the spikelets per panicle, level 2 of EM treatment showed the highest number of spikelets (85.2), while the control showed the lowest number of spikelets (81.9) and there was a statistically significant difference among the three levels and control. The highest grain filling ratio was obtained from the control (85.0%), while level 3 of EM treatment was the lowest grain filling ratio and there were no great difference between treatment levels. Regarding the 1000 grain weight, the control showed the highest 1000 grain weight (21.7g), which is heavier by about 1g compared to treatment levels. Level 2 of EM treatment showed the highest rough rice yield per 10a, while level 3 of EM treatment was the lowest and they also showed a statistically significant difference among treatment levels.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.279-288
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• 2011

To suggest the weed management technique for environment friendly rice cultivation, we investigated occurrence patterns of weeds, the actual condition of weed management, and rice yield at the environment friendly agricultural complex located in Honam and Chungnam regions. The practical performance of weed management was relatively satisfactory in decreasing order of agricultural technique with golden-apple-snail (GAS) > agricultural technique with duck (Duck) > agricultural technique with rice bran (RB) > agricultural technique with soft-shelled turtle (ST). In the rice fields employed by agricultural technique with GAS, the dominant weeds were Echinochloa crus-galli, Ludwigia prostrata, Monochoria vaginalis, Sagittaria trifolia, and Aneilema keisak. However, E. crus-galli, M. vaginalis, L. prostrata, Aeschynomene indica and Bidens frondosa were found as dominant weeds at the fields using the Duck and E. crus-galli, M. vaginalis, L. prostrata, Polyganum hydropiper and Eleocharis kuroguwai at the fields using RB. In comparison of rice yield ($5.2\;MT\;ha^{-1}$) obtained from the conventional cultivation using herbicides, about 93% was reached by Duck, about 91% by GAS, about 92% by RB, and about 78% by ST. When rice qualities obtained from environment friendly rice cultivation were compared with those from the conventional cultivation, the producing rates of perfect kernel, immature kernel, immature opaque kernel, cracked rice, and damaged kernel were lower in the former cultivation, whereas contents of protein, amylose, and fatty acid were similar in the two cultivation methods. The problems found in the environment friendly agriculture were poor plowing and harrowing, carless irrigation management, and geological poor condition as cultivation area with cold water. These have caused severe infestation of weeds, frequent incident of disease and insect pest, and rice lodging. This resulted in reduction of rice yield as high as about 32 to 79% as compared with the conventional cultivation using herbicides.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.306-320
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• 2015

This survey was carried out in 2014 to estimate the pesticide residue levels in commercial environment-friendly agricultural products in Seoul metropolitan area. Pesticide residues in 27 commodities were examined and analyzed using LC-MS/MS, which can simultaneously detect up to 85 pesticides. A total of 441 samples were collected and analyzed. Among the detected samples, the residue levels in 1.2% of organic agricultural products and 2.2% of pesticide-free agricultural products exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs); hence, 1.8% of the total samples exceeded the MRLs. The safety of the detected pesticides was assessed by monitoring the acceptable daily intake level (ADI) and acceptable dietary exposure (ADE) to the pesticides via consumption of the commodities. ADI and ADE are found to be 0.07728-9.46530% and 0.00141-0.17210%, respectively, which means that the residual pesticides in the environmental-friendly agricultural products in Korea are below the safe limit and therefore, pose no potential public health risks.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 2013

Environment-friendly agro-materials tend to be preferred to chemical insecticides recently. For this reason, many studies are conducted to develop environment-friendly insecticides containing natural materials. The purpose of this study was to assess ecotoxicity for pepper extract and cassia oil (11.5+46%, A), pepper extract and cassia oil (23+34%, B), and pepper extract and lavender oil (40+10%, C). They are expected to prevent from pests especially diamondback moth, and can be used for agro-materials. Their formulation was emusifiable concentration (EC). Target species used to assess acute toxicity were aquatic invertebrate (Daphina magna), fish (Cyprinus carpio), honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and earthworm (Eisenia fetida). The $EC_{50}$ value of A, B, and C to aquatic invertebrate were 0.46, 1.9, 0.25 mg $L^{-1}$ respectively and these values were moderately toxic according to standard of USEPA. In case of acute toxicity test to fish, the $LC_{50}$ of A, B, and C were 1.9, 2.9, 3.8 mg $L^{-1}$ respectively. A was category II in acute toxicity of fish and not acceptable to evaluation criteria of environment-friendly agro-materials. B and C were category III and acceptable. Acute contact and oral toxicity test to honeybee were conducted and the $LD_{50}$ of A, B, and C were > 100 ${\mu}g$ a.i. $bee^{-1}$ in both of tests. It indicated they were low toxic to honeybee. In case of acute toxicity test to earthworm, $LC_{50}$ of A, B, and C were 695, 988, and 564 mg $kg^{-1}$. In conclusion, pepper extract+cassia oil 57% EC and pepper extract+lavender oil 50% EC were expected to be used for environment-friendly insecticide materials with low risk against ecosystem and contribute to developing environment-friendly agro-materials.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2012

This study was performed to produce basic data for silty reclaimed tidal lands and to develop techniques of environmentally-friendly utilization in agricultural system. We chose the two sites in Saemangeum reclaimed tidal lands, one (Site I) has been treated with cultivating green manure and conducting the desalinization process through submergence since April, 2007 and the other (Site II) has been under natural condition without artificial treatment. In situ and ex situ physic-chemical properties were determined and comparisons were made for soil profiles examined at these two sites in April 2009. Surface soil of Site I had lower EC and higher field saturated hydraulic conductivity than those of Site II, uncultivated land. Especially, exchangeable sodium content was lowest in Site I Ap1 layer than in other layers. This is probably due to flooding desalination and green manure cultivation. Besides, Ap1 and A2 layers of soil profile in Site I showed brighter soil color and more root observation than those of Site II. This is probably due to green manure cultivation. By the large, for high cash upland crops and intensive agricultural use of silty reclaimed tidal land, site-specific soil ripening such as flooding desalination and green manure cultivation could be useful.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.320-321
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• 2009

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.354-360
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• 2015

In recent years, Allium victorialis has been extensively used as a pharmacological agent for various diseases in the form of anti-arteriosclerotic, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer. Allium victorialis is severely affected by various fungal diseases since it naturally grow in the shady and humid environments in Korea. In this case, different types of fungicides are applied to control the fungal diseases in Allium victorialis. The present study was aimed to determine the residual characteristics of two fungicides namely tebuconazole and fludioxonil on Allium victorialis. For this study, the fungicides were drenched soil on Allium victorialis in the cultivation area Pyeongchang by the standard (two thousand fold) and double (thousand fold) dilutions. At the end of $15^{th}$, $30^{th}$ and $40^{th}$ days samples were collected for residue analysis. Residues of tebuconazole and fludioxonil were analyzed using GC/NPD (Gas Chromatography/Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector) and their recovery were found to be 108.8~119.5% and 91.3~104.8%, respectively. The method of limits of quantification for both fungicides was $0.01mg\;kg^{-1}$. Further, the results of this study shows that the residue levels of both fungicides on Allium victorialis were <$0.01{\sim}0.12mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $0.01{\sim}0.09mg\;kg^{-1}$ and their % ADI (% Acceptable Daily Intake) were 17.44% and 25.75%, respectively. Based on the results obtained in this study, we suggest that the residue levels of both of the fungicides on Allium victorialis are safe and these fungicides can also be used to control fungal diseases in Allium victorialis.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.25-29
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• 2011

This study was performed to analyze the improvement of soil physical property and soil biota characteristics through cultivation of green manure crops for a one-year period before creation of a tea plantation as follows. The study revealed that the contents of available phosphate tended to decrease after sod-culture by green manure cultivation and open-pollination, when compared to the level before cultivation. The ratio soil porosity increased by approximately 30% when Crotalaria juncea and Sorghum bicolar L. Moench were cultivated, while the soil bacteria and fungi also increased. In a research on microfauna using a pit fall trap, the population number of the microfauna was 174 of 27 species in the plot of open-pollinated sod-culture and no organic matter application, and 268 of 26 species in the plot of Sorghum bicolar L. Moench. Consequently, the culturing tool of Crotalaria juncea recorded the highest level of species diversity at 2.5, the evenness index at 3.7 and richness at 4.6, with the lowest level of a dominance index. The ecological quotient of microfauna was 0.76 in the plot of Sorghum bicolar L. Moench, and 0.63 in the plot of Crotalaria juncea.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.182-186
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• 2008

Recently organic farming practice of rice has been emerged in Korea, but one of the major limiting factor is the no effective environmental-friendly agro-materials to control major plant diseases. Bordeaux mixture has been used effectively as a preventive agro-chemical. The aim of this study was to investigate efficacy of Bordeanux mixture on control of rice blast caused by Magnaporthe grisea which is one of the disruptive rice diseases in world-wide. In greenhouse experiment, pre-treatment of 6-6 type of Bordeaux mixture before inoculation of spore suspension of M. grasea showed 71 % of control value. In field experiment, preventive applications of 4-8 and 6-6 types of Bordeaux mixture showed over 71 % of the control value. Chemical injury on rice leaves were not found in the application concentrations of all types of Bordeaux mixture, but observed in applications of Bordeaux mixtures between 30 and 100 diluted concentrations. This results indicate Bordeaux mixture can be used as an effective environmental-friendly agro-chemical to control rice blast disease in the field.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.324-332
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate middle school students' perception of environment-friendly agricultural products (EAPs) and the degree of confidence about the certification mark. Questionnaires were distributed to 444 students of 6 middle schools located in Daegu, and a total of 416 responses were used for analysis. 28.6% of the respondents were using EAPs at home, and 62.0% of respondents didn't know whether to use EAPs at home. The 6 items representing the perception of EAPs were analyzed, resulting in 2 distinct dimensions-'benefits of EAPs' and 'attitude toward EAPs'. Regarding Benefits of EAPs, the score of 'EAPs better for health' was the highest, followed by 'EAPs have higher quality', 'EAPs were better for environmental protection', respectively. The proportion of students responded that 'the amount of pesticides should be reduced gradually' was 65.5% and only 3.4% for 'current level of pesticide use is not a problem'. There were significant differences between male and female students with regard to an interest in EAPs (p < 0.05) and opinion on the use of pesticides (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was found between groups with different education level of mothers. The respondents who use EAPs at home showed significantly higher scores with attitude toward EAPs (p < 0.001), and higher response rate for 'pesticides should not be used even if the price increases' (p < 0.05). Degree of confidence about the EAPs certification mark also affected students' perception of EAPs (p < 0.001). Our results indicate the importance of education for students on EAPs to enhance students' attitude towards EAPs and improve school meal satisfaction.