• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.9_10
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• pp.1081-1092
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to identify the current situation of textiles and apparel firms in the overseas markets and to examine the relationship between firms' characteristic(i.e., sales volume) and international marketing strategies. A random sample of 311 textiles and apparel firms were selected. The survey design method was used to test conceptual framework. Adjusted response rate was 33.4%(n=115). Descriptive analysis (i.e., frequency, percent) and $\chi$$^2$-test were used for data analysis. About the current situation of textiles and apparel firms in the overseas markets, the motivation for international market entry was highly found to expand their operation from domestic to international market, and most firms were found to be involved with OEMs(Original Equipment Manufacturers) as an entry mode for international market. China and US market were the most popular market among Korean textiles and apparel firms. Product differentiation strategy, pricing strategy based on manufacturing cost and buyer's offering price, place strategy using foreign buyers and participating a few international exhibition were frequently used among Korean textiles and apparel firms for international marketing. Among textile firms, sales volume was related to product strategies(product development), price strategy(buyer's offer) and place strategy(channel). Among apparel firms, product strategy(product labeling), price strategy(price satisfaction). The findings of this can be used when Korean textiles and apparel firms do strategic planning and evaluate the international marketing strategies. Also information and results of this study may assist policy makers to develop better ideas and strategies for textiles and apparel industry.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.209-219
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• 2022

To experimentally investigate the variation of soil characteristics in slope during rainfall and the shape of slope failure, the model test was performed using soil box and artificial rainfall simulator. The model test of slope formed by the homogenous sand was performed, and the saturation pattern in the model slope due to rainfall infiltration was observed. The slope model with the inclination of 35° was set up on the slope of 30°, and the rainfall intensity of 50 mm/hr was applied in the test. The soil depth of 35 cm was selected by considering the size of soil box, and the TDR (time domain reflectometry) sensors were installed at various depths to investigate the change of soil characteristics with time. As the result of model test, the slope model during rainfall was saturated from the soil surface to the subsurface, and from the toe part to the crest part due to rainfall infiltration. That is, the toe part of slope was firstly saturated by rainfall infiltration, and then due to continuous rainfall the saturation range was enlarged from the toe part to the crest part in the slope model. The failure of slope model was started at the toe part of slope and then enlarged to the crest part, which is called as the retrogressive failure. At the end of slope failure, the collapsed area increased rapidly. Also, the mode of slope failure was rotational. Meanwhile, the slope failure was occurred when the matric suction in the slope was reached to the air entry value (AEV) estimated in soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC).

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.74-78
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• 2001

A preparation of water soluble components (EA) was made from carpophores of Elfvingia applanata (Pers.) Karst and its in vitro antiviral activity on vesicular stomatitis virus [(Indiana serotype, VSV(IND)] was investigated by plaque reduction assay. EA exhibited potent antiviral activity on VSV(IND) growth and negligible cytotoxicity on Vero cells, 50% effective concentration ($EC_{50}C$/) of 104$ug\textrm\/ml$ and 50% cytotoxic concentration ($CC_{50}C$) of 3,793$ug\textrm\/ml$, respectively. Selectivity index (Sl $CC_{50}C$/$EC_{50}C$) of EA on Vero cell and VSV(IND) was about 36.5. EA did not display either a direct virucidal effect on V5V(IND) or induction of antiviral substance by Vero cells upon its treatment. Thus, the mode of antiviral activity of EA was studied at steps of viral adsorption onto cell. When both EA and virus were added to cell monolayers, titer of cell-free virus in culture supernatant increased in ca. 30-40% compared with that of control group and titer of cell-associated virus was 60-100% higher than that of control group. These results suggested that antiviral activity of EA on VSV(IND) might be due to the hindrance of viral entry to cells at eITher endocytosis or loss of envelope.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.19-30
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• 1984

There is a symbolic term which has realized custom of an era and has eome into fashion since the middle of 1920's. That is Garconne. This paper studied the image and costume of Garconne expressed in literary works, the form of art made it to come into being, and costume of a group of women played a role of pioneers of Garconne. Garconne attempted simple, casual, and mannish costume instead of usual elegance. It was the boiysh style($\`{a}$, la Garconne) which did not stress on the bust and waist like chanel suits used wool jersey by a designer, Chanel ana short skirts of low waist line. They got short haircut and wore low heel shoes. Garconne meant women who were free of convention, were familiar with love a d profession, and lived for themselves in the same manner of young men. They yieled new mode of 1920's. Though their lives were only a period, they manifested the symbol of the period though their figure and designation was not disappeared at the age but was settled as a mark of fixed image. There were several reasons why the Garconne was born. Rapid changes in politics, economics, and society in Europe were occurred from the First World War to 1920 and the trend of custom and art was a turning point. Especially, the entry of women into the society and the mode of Art Deco influenced it directly. The role of a pioneer of Garconne was appeared from the French Revolution. As Merveilleuse, Lionne, and Bloomers wore peculiar clothings ana had life style being irrelevant to tradition, they were talked about. They informed in advance the appearance of new women who were different from romantic ladies and were more modern and active. The pioneer design of Paul Poiret which were over whelming throughout a period and functional design of Chanel were increasingly accelerated.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.433-450
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• 2020

The strong turbulence characteristic of typhoon not only will significantly change flow field characteristics surrounding the large-scale wind turbine and aerodynamic force distribution on surface, but also may cause morphological evolution of coast dune and thereby form sand storms. A 5MW horizontal-axis wind turbine in a wind power plant of southeastern coastal areas in China was chosen to investigate the distribution law of additional loads caused by wind-sand coupling movement of coast dune at landing of strong typhoons. Firstly, a mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mode was introduced in for high spatial resolution simulation of typhoon "Megi". Wind speed profile on the boundary layer of typhoon was gained through fitting based on nonlinear least squares and then it was integrated into the user-defined function (UDF) as an entry condition of small-scaled CFD numerical simulation. On this basis, a synchronous iterative modeling of wind field and sand particle combination was carried out by using a continuous phase and discrete phase. Influencing laws of typhoon and normal wind on moving characteristics of sand particles, equivalent pressure distribution mode of structural surface and characteristics of lift resistance coefficient were compared. Results demonstrated that: Compared with normal wind, mesoscale typhoon intensifies the 3D aerodynamic distribution mode on structural surface of wind turbine significantly. Different from wind loads, sand loads mainly impact on 30° ranges at two sides of the lower windward region on the tower. The ratio between sand loads and wind load reaches 3.937% and the maximum sand pressure coefficient is 0.09. The coupling impact effect of strong typhoon and large sand particles is more significant, in which the resistance coefficient of tower is increased by 9.80% to the maximum extent. The maximum resistance coefficient in typhoon field is 13.79% higher than that in the normal wind field.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.43-58
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• 1993

There has been fast progress in economy in Korea derived by a consecutive five-year plan program for economic development started in the early 1960's. In the field of transportation, rapid changes in the technological environment of transportation and communication have brought a revolution of the transport system, of which inter-modal transportation through containerisation is typical. Because of the rapidly growing traffic volumes of cargo, especially container traffic, and lack of investment into transport infrastructure in the past, both road and railway are beyond their capacity. As a result, the public-road network has suffered a serious congestion problem. For instance, in relation to the corridor between Seoul and Pusan, today, it takes about 14 hours for the journey of container trailer through Kyongbu Expressway, for which it used to take only 7 hours in 1986. For the railway, though the congestion problem is not very serious compared with the road sector, a shortage of capacity on certain main lines has emerged as a problem as railway traffic has increased. Furthermore, the further expansion of the system in near future is difficult due to burden of higher construction the cost. Unlike these two modes, coastal shipping, which has been paid relatively less attention for commodity transport in Korea, shows no constraint in this respect. In addition, it is the most cost efficient mode of transport. This work therefore aims to make a proposal for the alternative inland transportation mode, which is to promote the coastal transport of container. Three obstructing factors for the promotion of the coastal transport are investigated and some solutions for those are suggested as follows : First, it appears to be essential to provide exclusive ports for the coastal shipping, that comply with simplification, specialization and rationalization. The optimum size of berths on the exclusive ports in Pusan port is estimated as 16-20. We found that it needs periodical study and publicity on the advantages from the adoption of the coastal mode. Inducing competition in the coastal shipping market is also necessary. For the supply of the fleet in the coastal shipping, chartering of the surplus ships in the oversea shipping is found to be more desirable than new shipbuilding. Second, to solve the fragmentation of the companies which wish to participate in the coastal transport, government has to implement the subsidy policy. The encouragement of participation of the shipping lines engaging in Korea-Japan run and Korea-East South Asia run, into coastal shipping also needs to be considered cautiously. Third, simplification of the document for entry in ports is needed for rational coastal shipping management. We can use B/L (Bill of Lading) for coastal shipping as a prerequisite to get the indemnity by P & I Club. The reduction of the government controls on entering and leaving the ports also needs.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2005

GLPG (Ganoderma lucidum proteoglycan) was a bioactive fraction obtained by the liquid fermentation of the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum, EtOH precipitation, and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. GLPG was a proteoglycan with a carbohydrate: protein ratio of 10.4: 1. Its antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) were investigated using a cytopathic inhibition assay. GLPG inhibited cell death in a dose-dependent manner in HSV-infected cells. In addition, it had no cytotoxic effect even at 2 mg/ml. In order to study the mode of action of the antiviral activity of GLPG, cells were treated with GLPG before, during, and after infection, and viral titer in the supernatant of cell culture 48 h post-infection was determined using a $TCID_{50}$ assay. The antiviral effects of GLPG were more remarkable before viral treatment than after treatment. Although the precise mechanism has yet to be defined, our work suggests that GLPG inhibits viral replication by interfering with the early events of viral adsorption and entry into target cells. Thus, this proteoglycan appears to be a candidate anti-HSV agent.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2013

Haploids are plants with a gametophytic number of chromosomes in their sporophytes. Androgenesis occurs from asymmetric division of pollen grains into generative cells and vegetative cells, followed by re-entry of the vegetative cell during S-phase, which causes microspores progress into G2/M transition in culture. One of the most interesting features of haploids is the possibility to produce doubled haploid (DH) individuals. Doubled haploidy is extremely useful to plant breeders because it enables shortened breeding periods and efficiency in selection of useful recessive agronomic traits. Doubled-haploid technology is not only applicable to breeding, but also to transformation programs of desired genes. In addition to practical breeding programs, DH lines provide useful materials of fundamental genetics including exploitation of QTLs and genes conferred with various agronomic traits by establishing DH populations. This paper provides historical overviews on androgenesis and describes several mechanisms associated with pollen embryogenesis, including mode of actions in pollen embryogenesis, mechanisms of chromosome doubling and factors affecting androgenesis. We also discuss recent progress in application of haploids to breeding, genes associated with in vitro response and drawbacks to anther culture for application of doubled haploids in crop breeding.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.141-146
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• 2005

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of a ramjet and scramjet engine according to flight Mach numbers. The main objective of this study is to give physical understanding on the performance parameters and to provide a more unified treatment of the fundamentals of ramjet and scramjet propulsion, mainly based on analytical methods. The effects of flight Mach number, inlet characteristics, and combustion on the performance of ramjet and scramjet are analysed. The cycle analysis are conducted on both combustors with constant pressure and with constant cross-section area, on which comparisons are made. Also the optimal Mach number at the entry of the combustor is studied.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.603-609
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• 2016

This paper presents an optimally designed master device mechanism for teleoperated interventional robotic system. The interventional procedures using the teleoperated robotic system and the physicians' requirements are summarized. The master device should implement 5-DOF motion including 2-DOF translational motion for the entry position control, 2-DOF rotational motion for the orientation control, and 1- DOF translational motion for needle insertion. The handle assembly includes a 1-DOF translational mechanism for needle insertion and buttons for operation mode selection. The mechanisms for the 2-DOF translational motion and the 2-DOF rotational motion are designed using motors and brakes based on the various mechanisms to satisfy all the above requirements, respectively. Absolute position sensors are adopted to implement automatic initial positioning and orientation matching at the first step of needle insertion.