• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.11-23
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• 2020

Many former studies for the entrepreneurial intention dealt with the opportunity-driven motivation, but the actual entrepreneurial motivation is the necessity-driven motivation such as maintaining a living. It is necessary to study the necessity-driven factors for entrepreneurship such as employment barriers and job dissatisfaction. This study focused on the fact that the majority of cultural artists are freelancers or self-employed entrepreneurs. For those who majored in culture and arts, this study was conducted to investigate how an individual's internal and external environment affects the entrepreneurial intention considering the theory of planned behavior. I explored the factors that led individuals to choose entrepreneurial intention between employment and entrepreneurship, and studied the relationship between these factors and the entrepreneurial intention. As the result of the study, the job dissatisfaction and the employment barriers were the pressure factors for entrepreneurship. Job satisfaction had a negative effect on the entrepreneurial outcome expectation and the entrepreneurial intention. The perceived employment barrier had a positive effect on the entrepreneurial outcome expectation and the entrepreneurial intention. An individual's risk-taking orientation is one of the entrepreneurship and had the positive effect on the entrepreneurial self-efficacy. The entrepreneurial outcome expectation and the entrepreneurial self-efficacy had a positive effect on the entrepreneurial intention.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.17-32
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• 2023

The entrepreneurial activities of college students play a significant role in modern economic and social development, particularly as a solution to the changing economic landscape and youth unemployment issues. Introducing innovative ideas and technologies into the market through entrepreneurship can contribute to sustainable economic growth and social value. Additionally, the entrepreneurial intentions of college students are shaped by various factors, making it crucial to deeply understand and appropriately support these elements. To this end, this study systematically explores the importance and impact of role models through a multiple serial mediation analysis. Through a survey of 300 college students, the study analyzed how two psychological variables, growth mindset and entrepreneurial self-efficacy, mediate the influence of role models on entrepreneurial intentions. The presence and success stories of role models were found to enhance the growth mindset of college students, which in turn boosts their entrepreneurial self-efficacy and ultimately strengthens their entrepreneurial intentions. The analysis revealed that exposure to role models significantly influences the formation of a growth mindset among college students. This mindset fosters a positive attitude towards viewing challenges and failures in entrepreneurship as learning opportunities. Such a mindset further enhances entrepreneurial self-efficacy, thereby strengthening the intention to engage in entrepreneurial activities. This research offers insights by integrating various theories, such as mindset theory and social learning theory, to deeply understand the complex process of forming entrepreneurial intentions. Practically, this study provides important guidelines for the design and implementation of college entrepreneurship education. Utilizing role models can significantly enhance students' entrepreneurial intentions, and educational programs can strengthen students' growth mindset and entrepreneurial self-efficacy by sharing entrepreneurial experiences and knowledge through role models. In conclusion, this study provides a systematic and empirical analysis of the various factors and their complex interactions that impact the entrepreneurial intentions of college students. It confirms that psychological factors like growth mindset and entrepreneurial self-efficacy play a significant role in shaping entrepreneurial intentions, beyond mere information or technical education. This research emphasizes that these psychological factors should be comprehensively considered when developing and implementing policies and programs related to college entrepreneurship education.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.123-138
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• 2024

Experiential social entrepreneurship education offers participants opportunities for active engagement in social entrepreneurial activities. Highlighting the significance of psychosocial experiences within the program, this study examines work meaningfulness discovered in this process as the antecedent to forming social entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, drawing on social cognitive career theory that emphasizes the role of agency in career decisions, we propose social entrepreneurial self-efficacy as the underlying mechanism and social class as the moderating factor in the relationship between work meaningfulness and social entrepreneurial intention formation. The propositions were tested with a two-wave survey dataset collected among 145 university students taking part in an experiential social entrepreneurship program in South Korea. Our results indicate that work meaningfulness positively affects social entrepreneurial self-efficacy, which subsequently promotes social entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, when participants' social class, measured by either household income or perceived rank, is lower, the positive effect of work meaningfulness on social entrepreneurial self-efficacy as well as intention is amplified. Theoretically, these findings shed light on the crucial role of work meaningfulness in strengthening potential entrepreneurs' agency in the domain of social entrepreneurship, particularly for those from lower classes. Practically, we provide guidelines for designing an inclusive experiential social entrepreneurship program that allows participants to find meaningfulness by realizing their strengths and justifying their prosocial contribution.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.65-84
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• 2024

This study confirms the relative influence of satisfaction with the government's start-up support project at each growth stage of start-up companies and entrepreneurs' commercialization capabilities on start-up commitment. The start-up growth stage was divided into start-up stage, initial growth stage, stagnation stage, and high growth stage, and the government's start-up support project was divided into eight types(entrepreneurship education, mentoring/consulting, facility space, commercialization support, policy funds, sales channels/marketing/overseas expansion, R&D support, and start-up events/network) and satisfaction was evaluated. The data used was the results of the Daegu Creative Economy Innovation Center's survey on entrepreneurship conditions. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that the entrepreneur's commercialization capabilities are more effective in increasing the entrepreneur's commitment to starting a business than the satisfaction with the government's start-up support project. Additionally, it was confirmed that relatively important factors in entrepreneurship immersion differ depending on the start-up stage. During the start-up period, the government's start-up support project was found to be an important factor in increasing entrepreneurs' commitment to starting a business, but it was confirmed that the government's start-up support project had no effect on the start-up commitment after the start-up growth stage. In addition, this study confirmed the relatively important government start-up support projects by start-up growth stage and found that satisfaction with start-up facilities can increase start-up commitment during the start-up stage, and that start-up facilities and commercialization support are important during the early growth stage. And in the Death Valley stage, startup facilities, commercialization support, and policy funds were confirmed to be relatively important factors, and in the high growth stage, mentoring was confirmed to be an important factor in increasing entrepreneurship immersion. The results of this study not only contribute theoretically to building entrepreneurship theory, but also determine the size and effective support plan for the government's entrepreneurship support project for each growth stage of startup companies, and help organizations that operate entrepreneurship policy and institutional support and startup support programs. It will have a significant contribution to management measures.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.207-222
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• 2023

In order to improve employment rates, most universities operate programs to strengthen students' employment and entrepreneurship, regardless of whether they are selected as the Leading Industry-Innovative University (LINC) or not. In particular, in the case of non-metropolitan universities are risking their lives to improve employment rates. In order to overcome the limitations of university establishment type and university location, which absolutely affect the employment rate, we are operating a startup education & startup support program in order to strengthen employment and entrepreneurship, and capstone design & field training as industry-academia-linked education programs are always available. Although there are studies on effectiveness verification centered on LINC (Leaders in Industry-University Cooperation) in previous studies, but a longitudinal study was conducted on all factors of university factors, startup education & startup support, and capstone design & field training as industry-university-linked education programs as factors affecting the employment rate based on public disclosure indicators. No cases of longitudinal studies were reported. This study targets 116 universities that satisfy the conditions based on university disclosure indicators from 2018 to 2020 that were recently released on university factors, startup education & startup support, and capstone design & field training as industry-academia-linked education programs as factors affecting the employment rate. We analyzed the differences between the LINC (Leaders in Industry-University Cooperation) 51 participating universities and 64 non-participating universities. In addition, considering that there is no historical information on the overlapping participation of participating students due to the limitations of public indicators, the Exposure Effect theory states that long-term exposure to employment and entrepreneurship competency enhancement programs will affect the employment rate through competency enhancement. Based on this, the effectiveness of the 2nd LINC+ (socially customized Leaders in Industry-University Cooperation) was verified from 2017 to 2021 through a longitudinal causal relationship analysis. As a result of the study, it was found that the startup education & startup support and capstone design & field training as industry-academia-linked education programs of the 2nd LINC+ (socially customized Leaders in Industry-University Cooperation) did not affect the employment rate. As a result of the longitudinal causal relationship analysis, it was reconfirmed that universities in metropolitan areas still have higher employment rates than universities in non-metropolitan areas due to existing university factors, and that private universities have higher employment rates than national universities. Among employment and entrepreneurship competency strengthening programs, the number of people who complete entrepreneurship courses, the number of people who complete capstone design, the amount of capstone design payment, and the number of dedicated faculty members partially affect the employment rate by year, while field training has no effect at all by year. It was confirmed that long-term exposure to the entrepreneurship capacity building program did not affect the employment rate. Therefore, it was reconfirmed that in order to improve the employment rate of universities, the limitations of non-metropolitan areas and national and public universities must be overcome. To overcome this, as a program to strengthen employment and entrepreneurship capabilities, it is important to strengthen entrepreneurship through participation in entrepreneurship lectures and actively introduce and be confident in the capstone design program that strengthens the concept of PBL (Problem Based Learning), and the field training program improves the employment rate. In order for actually field training affect of the employment rate, it is necessary to proceed with a substantial program through reorganization of the overall academic system and organization.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.107-117
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• 2017

Entrepreneurship is a means of improving national competitiveness that can expand the industry quantitatively and qualitatively based on new technologies and ideas. As a result, we are implementing a nationwide initiative support policy around the world. It leads to actual results and grows into a global company. It also has the advantage of being able to produce potential creative people through support for startups. In order to cultivate talented people suitable for startup in Korea, Venture For Korea, the internship program is being carried out with the aim of strengthening basic capabilities and establishing an exchange with existing companies. The purpose of this study is to verify the effectiveness of the system by using justice theory among the interns of the startup internship. In order to improve the accuracy of the study, the survey was done by a complete enumeration and the results were analyzed through Smart PLS 2.0. As a result of the analysis, the distributive justice and interactional justice among the fairness variables have a positive effect on the expectancy effect, and the expectancy effect has a positive effect on the satisfaction. However, procedural justice did not appear to have an effect on expectancy effects. This is because it's been only two years after the start of the internship program, and it seems to reflect the lack of consensus about the process among the stakeholders (enterprise, pre-entrepreneur, the government) related to the system. The results of this study are meaningful in that it deduces the insufficient part of the startup internship based on the justice theory. In other words, in order to increase the policy effect of the startup internship, it is necessary not only to emphasize only the purpose, but also to establish a policy direction complementing the procedural aspect.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.135-156
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• 2020

Purpose - This study investigates whether the internationalization process of traditional industry firms can be categorized as born global, early internationalization, or gradual internationalization, and examines what factors promote internationalization in traditional industries using a case study of two firms, one each in China and Korea. Design/methodology - This study elects to use case study methodology to determine the "how" and "why" of internationalization process of traditional industry firms. Taking into consideration that factors that impact the internationalization process of firms are diverse and unclear in terms of causality, this study utilizes exploratory case study methodology. This research performs a comparative two-case study of two firms in traditional industries, one each in China and Korea, to examine similarities and differences of study subjects in order to improve the validity and suitability of research results. Findings - The findings of this research are as follows: First, traditional industries are more likely go through early and rapid internationalization rather than being born global; born globals are far more likely to appear in high tech industries. Second, the internationalization process of companies that go through early and rapid internationalization differs from what is indicated by traditional internationalization theories, and are not limited by factors like psychological distance and lack of experiential knowledge. Third, international entrepreneurship, international market orientation, and imitation and learning are important internal driving factors for early and rapid internationalization. Fourth, conditions within the domestic market, policy support from the government, and pilot effect from industry leaders are external driving factors for early and rapid internationalization. Originality/value - This study shows that the internationalization process of traditional industry firms is more likely to be early and rapid internationalization rather than being born global and suggests answers to why this may be the case. In addition, through an examination of case studies, it reveals that the internationalization process of traditional industry firms that undergo early and rapid internationalization is different from traditional internationalization theory, in that they are not limited by the lack of psychological proximity and empirical knowledge, and are driven by international entrepreneurship, international market orientation, imitation and learning, competitive pressure within the domestic market, government's policy support, and the pilot effect of industry leaders. Therefore, this study contributes to literature by expanding the scope of application of born global theory to traditional industries, making born global theory more generalizable and identifying driving factors to internationalization of traditional industry firms.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.133-141
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• 2012

Service and manufacturing companies' efforts are increasingly focused on utilizing services to satisfy customers' needs and survive in today's competitive market environment. The value of services depends mainly on service reliability that is identified by satisfaction derived from the relationship between customer and service provider. In this paper, we extend concepts from the failure modes and effects analysis of tangible systems to services. We use an event-based process model to facilitate service design and represent the relationships between functions and failures in a service. The objective of this research is to propose a method for evaluating service reliability based on service processes using fuzzy failure mode effects analysis (FMEA) and grey theory. We define the failure mode of service as interaction ways that can be failed in a service delivery process. The fuzzy set theory is used to characterize service reliability based on linguistic terms during FMEA. Grey theory is employed to determine the degree of relation and ranking among risk factors that are represented as potential failure causes. To demonstrate implementation of the proposed method, we use a case study involving a typical automotive service operation.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.979-986
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• 2021

Online food delivery and food delivery apps have continued to grow exponentially in Malaysia. Fundamental aspects in entrepreneurship of the food and beverage industry, such as knowledge and attitudes towards online food delivery services being outsourced, have yet to be extensively recognized. The present study intends to explore this area of subject matter within the Malaysian context by using behavioral reasoning theory. The actual interview for this study took place in May 2020, and 14 interviews had been carried out. All interviews were audio-recorded with the consent from the respondents for reference purposes and subsequently transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were then checked against audio records. Content analysis was used to analyze the transcripts by focusing on n frequency counts and coding of themes. A qualitative method has been adopted by employing an interview to elicit the perspectives of entrepreneurs from Sarawak on the determinants and barriers in outsourcing online food delivery services. Results indicate that high potential in revenue, broad exposure to reach customers, convenience, and provision of job opportunities are the four factors that determine to outsource. In contrast, food quality maintenance, trustworthiness, high cost incurred, and consumer technology resistance are four factors that serve as barriers towards outsourcing third-party online delivery.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.637-643
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• 2021

The study examines the influence of the five pillars of inclusive financing on the empowerment of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) and the influence of institutional conditions on the empowerment of MSMEs. This study uses primary and secondary data. The population of the study are MSMEs; the is a total of 930,620 MSMEs in Jakarta. Owners of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises is a good population to be measured because they are the main actors that know exactly the challenges and the obstacles in doing business addressing problems faced in inclusive financing, which is related to the purpose of the study. The research borrows from finance and entrepreneurial theories for model design. The results of the study show that all the variables are significant and positive in the efforts to finance MSMEs in Indonesia, which means that financial education plays an important role in the sustainability of financial inclusion. The financial theory, developed to explain financing at the company level, needs to be adapted to the entrepreneurial situation, so that it can explain the behavior of small businesses. This means that, with correct financial knowledge, financial inclusion plays an important role in the sustainability of MSMEs in Indonesia.