• 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.13-18
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• 2013

Purpose : Fluoroscopy equipment, depending on the type of changes that occur in the patient's position ESD and study the patient's scatter ray of ESD Practitioners considered a comparative analysis was to evaluate the correct dose. Materials and Methods : HITACHI four overtube type TU-8000 Flat Detector and Under tube C-Arm Philips' Multi Diagnost Eleva with Flat Detector type were measured by. Each devices is a measure of the patient's esd randophantom position in tabel unfors Xi multi funtion then fixed to the abdomen fluoroscopy and 10 seconds, spot was measured three times, practitioners of the incident surface dose by considering the patient's scatter ray of the table for each device in the average human stomach 21cm thickness acrylic phantom ($25cm{\times}25cm$) Place the practitioner position after position randophantom unfors Xi multi funtion in the thyroid and stomach 1 minute by a fixed one-time fluoroscopy and measured. Results : 10 seconds and the patient perspective of the c-arm ESD 1.2 times smaller on the AP and oblique measurements were measured in the 6-13 times smaller. spot positions to changes in the measured three times on the AP of the abdomen, ESD is 18 times smaller c-arm measurements and the oblique measurement was 19-30 times smaller. And 1 minute at practitioners fluoroscopy esd in the thyroid 2.12 times the c-arm, chest 1.75 times less the dose was measured. On the AP, depending on the device, but the lack of dose difference oblique positions of the two devices depending on changes in the area due to changes in both the AP than on the dose increased, the difference in dose between the two devices, the maximum difference was approximately 27 times. Conclusion : Fluoroscopic equipment at the time of inspection in accordance with changes in dose according to the patient and the patient's positions changes, because the area of the scatter ray considering the change of dose measurements be made, and study of the equipment according to the characteristics of the efficiency and the exposure of the patient and practitioner is considered smooth study equipment manufacturers that can be done is to build the system and think that is also important. Various fluoroscopy when you check future changes in many factors of change in dose for the equipment in the laboratory system by considering the scatter ray radiation shielding for the management to take advantage of reckless undertube have been utilized as more exposure Reduction activities can help is considered as the direction.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.735-744
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• 2003

The field observations on a seasonal characteristic of organic matter and its origin in the surface sediment were carried out at 35 stations in Deukryang bay, southern coast of Korean Peninsula from May 1995 to February 1996. The analytical parameters were mud temperature, ignition loss(IL), chemical oxygen demand(COD), pheopigment, sulfide and water content. The origin and seasonal dynamics of organic matter in Deukryang Bay were analyzed by COD/IL, COD/sulfide ratio and principal component analysis(PCA). As a results of the mud temperature fluctuated between 2.1$^{\circ}C$ with the lowest mean 4.6$^{\circ}C$ in winter and 27.6$^{\circ}C$ with the highest mean 25.5$^{\circ}C$ in summer. The range of ignition loss(IL) was from 3.1% in autumn to 21.5% in winter. Chemical oxygen demand(COD) showed the highest mean value of 8.45 mg/g dry in spring within the range of 2.90∼18.21 mg/g dry, while it showed the lowest value of 4.33 mg/g dry in autumn within the range of 0.67∼10.37 mg/g dry. Pheopigments showed the highest mean value of 9.04 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g dry in autumn within the range of 1.36∼20.44 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g dry, while it did the lowest mean value of 2.20 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g dry in summer within the range of 0.33∼11.36 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g dry. The range of total sulfide (H$_2$S) was from no detect(ND) to 3.30 mg/g dry in spring. And water content showed the annual mean value of 43.6% within the range of 23.6∼54.9%. The source of organic matter by COD/IL and COD/sulfide ratio in Deukryang Bay had been producted by primary producer in sea water areas except the areas effected by small stream, domestic and animal wastes. And the analytical results of PCA was able to be divided into three different regions. The former was characterized by the shallow depth and authigenic organic matter from phytoplankton in northwest area and northeastern inner bay, the secondary was done by deeper depth and allochthonous one from lands in southeast area and eastern entrance of bay, and the latter was done by authigenic one from the farm of seaweeds such as, sea cabbage, sea mustard etc in western entrance of bay. But a study on the relationship between sulfide and COD concentration in the northeastern inner bay which was characterized by the water stagnation will to take much more studying including major constituents of organic matter in the future.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2012

본 연구는 진단용 X-선 촬영에서 부가필터 두께에 따라 피폭 선량 및 의료영상저장전송시스템에 저장된 영상을 비교 평가하여 환자에게 가장 적은 방사선 피폭을 주면서 진단에 적절한 영상을 얻을 수 있는 촬영 조건을 알아보고자 하였다. 그 결과 면적선량($mGy{\cdot}cm^2$)과 입사표면선량($mGy$)은 1 mmAl+0.2 mmCu의 부가필터에서 가장 낮은 피폭 선량값을, 그리고 0 mmAl (No Filter)에서 가장 높은 피폭 선량 값을 보였다. 그러나 의료영상저장전송시스템으로 전송된 영상을 수치 해석 소프트웨어(MATLAB)로 구현한 히스토그램 결과 영상의 질에는 크게 영향을 미치지 않았다. 따라서 진단용 X-선 촬영 장치를 이용한 영상의학적 검사에서 영상의 질에 영향을 미치지 않고 피폭선량을 경감할 수 있는 최적의 부가필터를 사용함으로서 환자의 피폭 선량을 예측하고 검사 조건을 조절하는 데 있어 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.647-662
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 대중교통 이용객 수에 영향을 미치는 지표를 분석해 보고자 하였다. 수도권의 주요 대중교통위주의 개발방식(TOD: Transit Oriented Development)계획요소인 복합용도수준, 직주근접수준, 밀도와 순 밀도 비교 등을 통한 66개자치 시군구의 TOD계획요소 달성도, 지표를 선정하였다. 변수간의 상관분석과 회귀분석을 통해 모형을 도출하였다. 인천광역시 역세권 회귀분석결과, 대중교통 이용객 수에 영향을 미치는 변수는 종사자 수, 인구수, 역세권 내 버스정류장 수, 버스정류장-지하철 역 출입구 간의 거리 순으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 역세권내 종사자 수, 거주인구가 많을수록 대중교통 통행량이 많아짐을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 버스정류장이 많을수록 버스정류장과 지하철 역사간 거리가 짧을수록 대중교통 이용객수가 증가하는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구를 통해 인천시 지역의 29개 지하철 및 11개 경인전철역 주변의 역세권은 이미 중요한 TOD 계획요소를 포함하고 있어, 각 지하철과 전철 역세권은 TOD가 상당부분 달성되었음을 알 수 있다.

• 한국항만학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.333-350
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• 1999

Today freeway is thought to be a very important transportation facility carrying tremendous traffic flow as the main corridor within the area of between the areas. However freeway is experiencing severe congestion and accidents by increased entrance ramp flow especially at peak time period. Ramp meters on the freeway entrance ramps that supply traffic to the freeway in a measured or appropriately regulated amount are needed for alleviating freeway congestion. Because ramp meters can be operated to discharge traffic at a measured or regulated rate thus maintaining more uniform speed on the mainline section maximizing the throughput to the freeway within the capacity of a downstream bottleneck and reducing the congestion related accidents. Thus the objectives in this study were to analyze the traffic characteristics on the freeway I-94 with ramp metering system before/after ITS technology in Detroit (Michigan) area compare shifts of the traffic characteristics on the freeway I-94 before/after ITS technology and finally suggest a better ramp metering strategy for the freeway system The following results were obtained: i)Flow occupancies and speeds on the mainline merge section of freeway were shown to be a big difference depending on the peak periods areas and directions based on the distribution of traffic flow characteristics on the freeway. ii)Reduced speed was shown to be more than 5 mph and ramp flow was also shown to be more than 240 vph at peak periods if there was the ramp metering system constructed on the freeway. iii)Ramp metering system was shown to be optimally operated on the freeway if ramp flow could be maximized within the range of over 900 vph and reduced occupancy could be also maximized by no more than 2 percent at peak periods. iv)The average flows on the freeway after the ITS technology were shown to be a decrease of over 20% depending on the peak periods areas and directions when compared with those flow on the freeway before the ITS technology. over 20% depending on the peak periods areas and directions when compared with those speeds on the freeway before the ITS technology. vi)The average metering rates on the freeway after the ITS technology were shown to be an increase of over 10% depending on the peak periods areas and directions when compared with those metering rates on the freeway before the ITS technology.

• International Journal of Railway
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2008

This paper is the output of a collaborative European project concerning the barrier free accessibility for disabled persons to regional and long distance trains in Europe. Disabled people represent around 13% of the population in Europe. This is approximately 63 million people. The range of disabilities includes people with reduced mobility including wheel chair users, viewing and hearing impaired people and other forms of impairment. Improving accessibility aims at contributing to the provision of public transport services to all citizens in an equitable way. The purpose of the project was to analyse and to evaluate the existing solutions at selected European railways for all required modules at the entrance (doors, information and safety solutions), to derive a design concept, to develop a mock-up in meeting the needs of rail travellers with the above mentioned impairments and to test it with user groups. The project also aims at deriving components for the determination of standards. The EUPAX Design Mock-up test was performed to verify the advantages of the layout of the train segment including the different modules such as access area (including the access door, gaps between platform and train as well as boarding aid devices), entrance vestibule, information systems inside and outside the train, emergency facilities, toilet with all conveniences and the additional test arrangements regarding push buttons, steps and emergency equipment. For this purpose a questionnaire was developed for the assessment of the EUPAX segment and the additional test arrangements. With the help of this questionnaire it was possible to execute a quantitative and qualitative evaluation. During three test phases 67 experts and handicapped persons from 6 countries have evaluated the Industrial Design mock-up based on this questionnaire. The test group covered persons from North (Denmark) to the South (Italy) and from the West (Spain) to the Middle of Europe (Germany). This is especially important for the generalization (harmonisation) of the results for all European countries. According to COST 335 the information for people with reduced mobility should be clear, concise, accurate and timely. So that all information can be received from persons, they must be transferred on at least two of the three possible ways (acoustical, visual, tactile), a so called "2-sense-principle". Based on the results ergonomic specifications/ solutions for the ergonomic design of the access area, the acoustic, visual and tactile information and the emergency devices including the emergency communication system were developed, related to the benefiting passenger groups.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.33-50
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 서울에 소재한 동관왕묘를 대상으로 문헌의 발굴 및 고증 그리고 현장조사를 병행하여 동관왕묘의 공간구성 및 원형경관을 고찰하는데 목적을 두고 수행되었다. 이의 집약된 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 동관왕묘는 중국의 영향을 받은 유적으로, 기본적인 배치는 주요 건물들이 남북의 중심 축선을 기준으로 좌우대칭의 배치를 이루고 있다. 둘째, 중국 양식과 특색은 정전과 중문 등에서 나타났으며 각 공간에서 왕권을 상징하는 요소를 찾아 볼 수 있다. 셋째, 공간구성은 진입영역, 의례영역으로 구분된다. 진입영역의 경우, 평소에는 수직하는 관원들의 관리적 성격이 강했으며, 제례 시에는 제례 준비공간으로 이용되었다. 넷째, 현재 동관왕묘는 70년대 공원화 사업으로 인해 원형경관이 훼손되어 있었다. 동관왕묘의 원형복원을 위해서는 사적지에 적합하지 않은 식생의 경우 대부분이 교체되어야 할 것이며, 사료에 나타난 취병, 연지, 점경물 등 다양한 경관요소들이 복원되어야 한다. 다섯째, 현재의 동관왕묘는 제례공간으로서의 엄숙한 분위기를 찾아볼 수 없는바, 사당으로서의 경건한 분위기를 되찾을 수 있는 정비가 요구되며, 문화재 관리적 측면에서 '사적'으로 재분류가 필요하다. 마지막으로, 일각에서 동관왕묘를 사대주의의 산물이라 비판하는 의견이 있으나, 당시 조선역사의 한 부분이자 시대성이 반영된 조영물이므로, 차후 한 중 교류의 상징적인 유적으로 정비하여 관광자원으로 활용할 수 있기를 기대한다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.295-300
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• 2021

This study aims to present new chest AP examination exposure conditions through a study on the effect on image quality and patient dose by applying high tube voltage and scatter ray post-processing software during chest AP examination in digital radiography equipment. This study was used a human body phantom and in the chest AP position, the dosimeter was placed horizontally at the thoracic spine 6. The experiment was conducted by dividing into a low tube voltage (70 kVp, 400 mA, 3.2 mAs) group and a high tube voltage (100 kVp, 400 mA, 1.2 mAs) group. The collimation size (14″× 17″) and the source to image receptor distance(110 cm) were same applied to both groups. Radiation dose was presented to dose area product and entrance surface dose. Image quality was compared and analyzed by comparing the difference between the signal-to-noise ratio and the contrast-to-noise ratio of the image according to the application of the scatter ray post-processing software under each condition. The average value of the entrance surface dose in the low and high tube voltage conditions was 93.04±0.45 µGy and 94.25±1.51 µGy, which was slightly higher in the high tube voltage condition, but the dose area product was 0.97±0.04 µGy and 0.93±0.01 µGy. There was a statistically significant difference in the group mean value(p<0.01). In terms of image quality, the values of the signal-to-noise ratio and the contrast noise ratio were higher in the high tube voltage than in the low tube voltage, and decreased when the scattering line post-processing function was used, but the contrast resolution was improved. If there is a scatter ray post-processing function during chest AP examination, it is helpful to actively utilize it to improve the image quality. However, when this function is not available, I thought that applying a higher tube voltage state than a low tube voltage state will help to realize images with a large amount of information without changing the dose.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.115-125
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• 2023

Objectives: This study was conducted to measure the level of radon in the air at a highway tunnel construction site in a gneiss area using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) and to evaluate exposure levels by occupation. Methods: Radon concentrations in the air were measured using E-PERM at points 300 m, 600 m, and 900 m from the tunnel entrance during the excavation and waterproofing work inside the tunnel. In addition, radon concentrations were measured during external excavation to compare with the inside of the tunnel. Personal exposure levels for major occupations including tunnel workers, construction equipment operators, waterproofers, shotcrete workers, and safety and health managers who participated in the construction were estimated using radon concentration measured in the work process area and working hours by occupation. Results: As a result of a total of 77 radon measurements, the geometric mean (GM) concentration was 71.1 Bq/m³, and the maximum concentration was 127.3 Bq/m³, which was below the indoor air quality criteria. Radon concentration by process decreased in the order of the tunnel excavation process (GM= Bq/m³, GSD=1.2), waterproofing process (GM=73.35 Bq/m³, GSD=1.2), and outside excavating process (GM=45.28 Bq/m³, GSD=1.2). Processes inside the tunnel were significantly higher than outside excavating processes (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in radon concentration measured inside by distance from the tunnel entrance, but the innermost point of the tunnel, 900 m (GM=79.24 Bq/m³, GSD=1.27), measured the highest. Conclusions: The occupation with the highest individual exposure to radon was tunnel worker (64.16 Bq/m³), followed by construction equipment driver (64.04 Bq/m³) and waterproofer (63.13 Bq/m³).

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2016

This study has estimated the traits of conscious eye moving with the objects of the halls of subway stations. For that estimation, the observation data from eye-tracking were matched with the experiment images, while an independent program was produced and utilized for the analysis of the eye moving in the selected sections, which could provide the ground for clarifying the traits of space-users' eye moving. The outcomes can be defines as the followings. First, The application of the independently produced program provides the method for coding the great amount of observation data, which cut down a lot of analysis time for finding out the traits of conscious eye moving. Accordingly, the inclusion of eye's intentionality in the method for extracting the characteristics of eye moving enabled the features of entrance and exit of particular objects with the course of observing time to be organized. Second, The examination of eye moving at each area surrounding the object factors showed that [out]${\rightarrow}$[in], which the line of sight is from the surround area to the objects, characteristically moved from the left-top (Area I) of the selected object to the object while [in]${\rightarrow}$[out], which is from the inside of the object to the outside, also moved to the left-top (Area I). Overall, there were much eye moving from the tops of right and left (Area I, II) to the object, but the eye moving to the outside was found to move to the left-top (Area I), the right-middle (Area IV) and the right-top (Area II). Third, In order to find if there was any intense eye-moving toward a particular factor, the dominant standards were presented for analysis, which showed that there was much eye-moving from the tops (Area I, II) to the sections of 1 and 2. While the eye-moving of [in] was [I $I{\rightarrow}A$](23.0%), [$I{\rightarrow}B$](16.1%) and [$II{\rightarrow}B$](13.8%), that of [out] was [$A{\rightarrow}I$](14.8%), [$B{\rightarrow}I$](13.6%), [$A{\rightarrow}II$](11.4%), [$B{\rightarrow}IV$](11.4%) and [$B{\rightarrow}II$](10.2%). Though the eye-moving toward objects took place in specific directions (areas), that (out) from the objects to the outside was found to be dispersed widely to different areas.