• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.123-130
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• 2018

본 연구의 목적은 한국대학생의 통합과 분리 형태초점 교수법에 대한 견해를 조사하고, 이러한 견해가 집중도와 문법학습의 믿음과 어떠한 상관관계가 있는 지, 추가적으로 수준별 성별 차이점을 조사하는 것이다. 본 연구의 목적을 위해서 서울소재 대학생 157명을 대상으로 실시한 설문지 조사 결과를 상관관계분석과 T 검정을 사용하여 분석하였다. 참여 학생들은 통합 형태초점교수법을 선호하는 것으로 나타났으며, 통합 형태초점교수법의 선호도는 학습자의 영어 수업시간의 집중도와 영어 수준과 유의미하게 연관성이 있다는 것을 보여준다. 다른 한편으로 분리 형태초점 교수법의 선호도는 학습자의 문법에 대한 믿음과 유의미한 상관관계를 보여주었고 수준별 성별로 모든 학생들이 공통적인 결과로 나타났다. 결론적으로 통합 형태초점 교수법은 학습자의 집중도와 영어 수준에, 분리 형태초점 교수법은 학습자의 문법 학습에 대한 믿음에 영향을 받는다는 것을 알 수 있다. 결론적으로 교실현장에서 통합 형태초점교수법을 사용할 필요하며, 이러한 접근도 학습자의 수준과 집중도를 고려할 필요가 있다는 것을 보여준다.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.42-47
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• 2023

The majority of research on Automated Writing Evaluation (AWE) programs has focused primarily on Grammarly, whereas QuillBot and its use in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms remains limitedly explored. This study examined the effectiveness of using QuillBot on the writing quality of college students. A total of 26 participants took pre- and post-writing tests, and four analytical tools were applied to assess their writing quality in terms of syntactic complexity, lexical diversity, lexical richness, and readability. Results of the syntactic complexity analysis across the four indices demonstrates that the syntactic complexity of EFL writing increased significantly, and substantial differences were observed in lexical richness and readability. These results suggest that QuillBot can compensate for the drawbacks of Grammarly and assist EFL writers in improving their overall writing quality.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2024

Gene therapy involves the introduction of foreign genetic material into host tissue to alter the expression of genetic products. Gene therapy represents an opportunity to alter the course of various diseases. Hence, genetic products utilizing safe and reliable vectors with improved biotechnology will play a critical role in the treatment of various diseases in the future. This review summarizes various important vectors for gene therapy along with modern techniques for potential craniofacial regeneration using gene therapy. This review also explains current molecular approaches for the management and treatment of cancer using gene therapy. The existing literature was searched to find studies related to gene therapy and its role in craniofacial regeneration and cancer treatment. Various databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for English language articles using the keywords "gene therapy," "gene therapy in present scenario," "gene therapy in cancer," "gene therapy and vector," "gene therapy in diseases," and "gene therapy and molecular strategies."

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.285-294
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• 2021

모국어 습득과 달리 제2언어 또는 외국어 습득 분야에서는 발화와 인지의 관계가 연구마다 다르게 나타나고 있다는 점에서 본 연구는 영어를 외국어로 배우는 한국 EFL 대학생들의 영어 모음의 발화와 인지 테스트의 사례연구를 통해서 인지와 발화의 관계를 심도 있게 고찰하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 이를 위해 19명의 수도권의 대학생을 대상으로 미국영어 모음에 대한 발화와 인지 테스트를 실시하였으며, 그 결과를 통해서 발화와 인지의 선행관계와 상관관계를 살펴보았다. 첫 번째 연구문제인 미국영어 모음에 대한 발화와 인지의 선행관계는 전체 모음의 결과에서 발화와 인지 정확도 사이의 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았으므로 인지 선행론이나 발화 선행론에 대한 증거가 되지 못했다. 개별 모음에서는 [ɛ], [α], [ɔ], [u] 모음들의 발화와 인지 정확도 차이만 유의하게 나타났으며 나머지 모음들의 발화와 인지 정확도의 차이는 유의하지 않았으므로 발화와 인지의 선행 관계는 모음에 따라서 다르다고 볼 수 있다. 두 번째 연구문제인 미국영어 모음에 대한 발화와 인지 사이의 상관관계는 전체 모음 뿐 만 아니라 개별 모음들에서도 상관관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 인지 정확도가 높다고 해서 발화 정확도가 높거나, 거꾸로 발화 정확도가 높다고 해서 인지 정확도가 높을 만큼의 발화와 인지 사이에 밀접한 관계를 보여주지 못했다. 언어습득은 인지와 발화를 통합하는 과정이고, Flege와 동료들이 보고한 것처럼 L2 경험이 많을수록 발화와 인지 능력이 밀접하게 관련되어 발전한다는 점을 고려하면, 영어 경험이 상대적으로 적은 EFL 학생을 대상으로 한 본 연구 결과는 발화와 인지 사이의 상관관계는 언어 습득 단계에 따라서 발화와 인지가 서로 연결되는 방향으로 변화한다는 것을 시사한다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 영어교육현장에 접목하는 시도가 있었다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제17권
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• pp.7-35
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• 2002

In many international financing transactions Korean companies are required to issue a guarantee. Thus far, however, legal issues on international guarantees have not been fully discussed in Korea. This is partly because most of the international guarantees are governed by a foreign law such as English law or the laws of the State of New York. In this articles the author examines major concepts or terms and conditions of a typical international guarantee, e.g., language on consideration, primary obligor, joint and several guarantee, unconditional and irrevocable guarantee, continuing guarantee, right of subrogation, representations and warranties, covenant or undertaking, currency indemnity, assignment, participation, governing law and jurisdiction clause, etc. For reference, standard forms of a guarantee and a standby letter of credit are attached to the article. In examining the terms and conditions, the author compares them with similar or equivalent concepts under Korean law. The author further discusses some Korean law issues that may arise under international guarantees governed by a foreign law. These issues include the application of the ultra vires doctrine under Article 34 of the Civil Code of Korea, the validity of an international guarantee which a Korean company has issued in violation of the guarantee ceiling set under Article 10 of the Law on Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade of Korea and the validity of an international guarantee which a Korean party has issued in violation of the Foreign Exchange Transaction Law. In addition, the author discusses some issues under a so-called independent guarantee and a standby letter of credit. In this regard, reference is made to the Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantee (URDG), International Standby Practices (ISP98) and the Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit adopted by the United Nations in 1995. Finally, the author examines major terms and conditions of typical comfort letters and discusses some legal issues, such as the binding force of the comfort letter. In dealing with the issues the author underscores that to the extent the issues are not properly dealt with by an international norm such as Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits or ISP 98, the issues must be analyzed by reference to the governing law of the relevant instrument.

• 디지털콘텐츠학회 논문지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2018

다문화 가정 구성원은 언어 차이 때문에 자녀 교육에서 어려움을 겪고 있다. 이와 같은 어려움을 해결하기 위해서는 실생활에 필요한 한국어 용어들을 간편하고 신속하게 접근할 수 있는 스마트 번역 서비스를 이들에게 제공할 필요가 있다. 그러나 현재의 자동 번역 기술은 영어, 중국어, 일본어 등의 주요 국가 언어 중심으로 개발 되고 있으며, 자녀의 교육, 공공기관과의 소통 등 특수 목적의 용어들은 번역하기에는 한계가 있다. 본 연구에서는 초급 수준의 한국어를 이해하고 있는 다문화가정 구성원을 위한 실시간 자동 어휘대역어 서비스를 제안한다. 어휘대역어 서비스는 한국어 문장에 표현된 각 단어들의 의미를 자동으로 분석하여 다국어 대역어를 제공한다. 이를 위하여 한국어 의미분석 연구, 다국어 번역지식 구축 연구, 언어교육 연구의 융합연구를 수행하였다. 어휘대역서비스를 베트남, 일본 출신의 결혼이주여성을 대상으로 평가하여 의미있는 평가결과를 얻었다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.39-54
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• 2022

본 연구의 목적은 L2KSC(외국어로서의 한국어 음성 말뭉치)의 한국어 부분에서 한국어 낭독과 자유 발화를 분석하여 음성 유형의 운율 차이를 명확히 하는 것이다. 이를 위해 문장의 조음 길이, 조음 속도, 한 문장 내 휴지 길이 및 휴지 빈도, 문장 F0값을 변수로 설정하고 통계적 방법론(t-검정, 상관 분석, 회귀 분석)을 통해 분석하였다. 실험결과, 낭독과 자유 발화는 각 문장을 구성하는 운율구 형태가 구조적으로 달랐는데 각 발화 유형을 구별하는 운율적 요소로는 조음 길이, 휴지 길이, 휴지 빈도로 나타났다. 통계적 결과에서는 낭독 발화는 조음 속도와 조음 길이의 상관관계가 가장 높았는데, 이는 주어진 문장이 길수록 화자가 더 빨리 말하는 것을 설명하였다. 그러나 자유 발화에서는 문장의 조음 길이와 휴지 빈도 사이의 관계가 높았다. 전반적으로 자유 발화에서는 문장을 만들기 위해 짧은 억양구가 지속적으로 만들어지는데, 그런 이유로 더 많은 휴지가 발생하여 문장이 더 길어지는 것으로 나타났다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제17권32호
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• pp.255-266
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• 1994

This study does present things to suggest to foreign multinational corporation or domestic corporation through the empirical study on the standardization level. If we summary this study, it is as follows. In chapter I, we did institute the problems and explain the objects and methods and system of the study. In chapter II, we did explain the universality of the culture and international advertisement. Next, we did explain the background of doing specialization strategy and standardization strategy. Also we did study the previous study about the arguements for and against these. Lsat we did institute the hypothesises as follows. - Hypothesis 1 $H_0$ : The use of westerner appeal means has been increased than 11 years before and is able to increase continuously. - Hypothesis 2 $H_0$ : The use of westerner model and knowned has been increased than 11 years before and is able to increase continuously. - Hypothesis 3 $H_0$ : The use of the English language has been increased than 11 years before and is able to increase continuously. - Hypothesis 4 $H_0$ : The use of the west short piece and background has been increased than 11 years before and is able to increase continuously. In chapter III, we did refer to the method of this study. First, we did adjust the measure of standardization index, and we did work coding it, such after the two coder did check the freguency of the appeal meanstype about the advertisement of four daily report. Then we did select eight production as high involvement production and seven production as low involvement. We did test the coder's trust degree on the such sample to be selected through the 't-test' of the SAS statistic program and regression analysis through the spss/$pc^+$ statistic program to approve the this study's hypothesises. In chapter IV, we did analysis the results of the empirical study on the high or low involvement productions. First, the results of t-test to approve the coder's trust degree is that it is same statistically attentionly the distribution of the sample between coder at 10% attention level. Next, the results of the regression analysis on eight hypothesises are as fellows. In case of high involvement production we are able to speak that the use of the English language appeal among the eight appeals is only standardized. And incase of low involvement production, we are able to speak that the use of the hard-sell appeal among the eight appeds is only standardized. Therefore we did conclude that the standardization level of Korea newspaper advertisement is low. Also this suggests that it will do plan and do the specialzation strategy or localization strategy foreign multinational corporation or domestic corporation in Korea newspaper advertisement. In chapter V, we do present the boundary of this study and new study methods.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2016

The goal of the current study is to investigate how the sound change is reflected in production or in perception, and what the effect of lexical frequency is on the loss of sound contrasts. Specifically, the current study examined whether the vowel length contrasts are retained in Korean speakers' productions, and whether Korean listeners can distinguish vowel length minimal pairs in their perception. Two production experiments and two perception experiments investigated this. For production tests, twelve Korean native speakers in their 20s and 40s completed a read-aloud task as well as a map-task. The results showed that, regardless of their age group, all Korean speakers produced vowel length contrasts with a small but significant differences in the read-aloud test. Interestingly, the difference between long and short vowels has disappeared in the map task, indicating that the speech mode affects producing vowel length contrasts. For perception tests, thirty-three Korean listeners completed a discrimination and a forced-choice identification test. The results showed that Korean listeners still have a perceptual sensitivity to distinguish lexical meaning of the vowel length minimal pair. We also found that the identification accuracy was affected by the word frequency, showing a higher identification accuracy in high- and mid- frequency words than low frequency words. Taken together, the current study demonstrated that the speech mode (read-aloud vs. spontaneous) affects the production of the sound undergoing a language change; and word frequency affects the sound change in speech perception.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제19권
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• pp.411-444
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• 2010

This paper explored the academic socialization of a group of Mongolian college students, learning Korean as their L3 (Third Language), by focusing on their uses of an electronic communication channel. From a perspective of the continua of bi-literacy, this case study investigated how Mongolian students who had limited exposure to a Korean learning community overcame academic challenges through the use of a written communication channel as a tool in the socialization process. Data were collected mainly through three methods: written products, interviews, and questionnaires. The results from this study were as follows. Interactional opportunities for these minority students were seriously constrained during the classroom practices in a Korean-speaking classroom. They also described the lack of communicative competence in Korean and the limited roles played by L2 (English) communication as key barriers to classroom practices. However, students' ways of engaging in electronic interactions differed widely in that they were able to broaden interactional circles by communicating their expertise and difficulties with their Korean peers through the electronic channel. More importantly, the communication pattern of "L2-L2/L3-L3" (on a L2-L3 continuum) emerging from data demonstrated how these students used a written channel as a socialization tool to mediate their learning process in a new community of learning. This study argues that a written communication channel should be taken as an essential part of teaching practices especially for foreign students who cannot speak Korean fluently in multi-cultural classes.