• Clean Technology
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.307-314
• /
• 2018

In this study, NMO (Natural Manganese Ore), $MnO_2$, and $Mn_2O_3$ catalysts were used in the selective catalytic reduction process to remove nitrogen oxides (NOx) using $NH_3$ as a reducing agent at low temperatures in the presence of oxygen. In the case of the NMO (Natural Manganese Ore), it was confirmed that the conversion of nitrogen oxides in the stability test did not change even after 100 hours at 423 K. The Kinetics experiments were carried out within the range where heat and mass transfer were not factors. From a steady-state Kinetics study, it was found that the low-temperature SCR reaction was zero order with the respect to $NH_3$ and 0.41 ~ 0.57 order with the respect to NO and 0.13 ~ 0.26 order with the respect to $O_2$. As temperature increases, the reaction order decreases as a result of $NH_3$ and oxygen concentration. It was confirmed that the reaction between the $NH_3$ dissociated and adsorbedon the catalyst surface and the gaseous nitrogen monoxide (E-R model) and the reaction with the adsorbed nitrogen monoxide (L-H model) occur.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.75-79
• /
• 2017

Honeycomb-shaped Ag-grid transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) were fabricated using two different processes, high density plasma etching and lift-off, and the optical and electrical properties were compared according to the fabrication method. For the fabrication of the Ag-grid TCEs by plasma etching, etch characteristics of the Ag thin film in $10CF_4/5Ar$ inductively coupled plasma (ICP) discharges were studied. The Ag etch rate increased as the power increased at relatively low ICP source power or rf chuck power conditions, and then decreased at higher powers due to either decrease in $Ar^+$ ion energy or $Ar^+$ ion-assisted removal of the reactive F radicals. The Ag-grid TCEs fabricated by the $10CF_4/5Ar$ ICP etching process showed better grid pattern transfer efficiency without any distortion or breakage in the grid pattern and higher optical transmittance values of average 83.3 % (pixel size $30{\mu}m/line$ width $5{\mu}m$) and 71 % (pixel size $26{\mu}m/line$ width $8{\mu}m$) in the visible range of spectrum, respectively. On the other hand, the Ag-grid TCEs fabricated by the lift-off process showed lower sheet resistance values of $2.163{\Omega}/{\square}$ (pixel size $26{\mu}m/line$ width $18{\mu}m$) and $4.932{\Omega}/{\square}$ (pixel size $30{\mu}m/line$ width $5{\mu}m$), respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.31 no.12
• /
• pp.1113-1122
• /
• 2009

In order to find the way to solve the problem of sewage sludge discharge into the ocean, the sludge solubilization by ultrasonic and the improvement methods of wastewater treatment process were studied. In the membrane bioreactor the sludge retention time was stepwise increased from 5.1 day to 442 days where the biomass average concentration has been increased from $c_B$=3.4 $gTSSL^{-1}$ to $c_B$=14.5 $gTSSL^{-1}$ respectively. At the same time, the biomass yield coefficients were reduced from 0.5-0.7 at SRT=5.1 day to 0.005-0.007 at SRT=442 days which means the reduction of sludge production. Oxygen mass transfer coefficients and ${\alpha}$-factor were investigated with changing stirrer speed to find the relation between the high biomass concentration and aeration efficiency in the propeller loop reactor. As a result of sludge solubilization, the solubilization of sludge by ultrasound was increased with increasing energy input and it led to improved anaerobic digestion rate with more biogas production than that of nonsolubilized sewage sludge.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.527-537
• /
• 1998

This article is a part of a research on the elementary science curriculum development to enhance creative problem-solving abilities. The components of the curriculum have been identified as 'scientific knowledge', 'process skills' & 'divergent/critical thinking'. Among these components, construction of the scientific knowledge that enables creative problem-solving abilities has been selected as an intensive research topic for the purpose of the present research. To avoid or to prevent the knowledge learned from separate facts and concepts, five themes have been selected so as to incorporate with all three areas of the elementary science curriculum, i.e., physical science, earth science and life science. The five themes are, 'structure', 'change', 'interaction', 'energy' and 'stability'. The contents of elementary science, which have been selected from the 3rd, 6th and 7th National Elementary Science curriculum, were reconstructed based on the five themes given above. The results of reconstruction are presented in the form of matrix, such that the vertical axis represents how the concepts are related within each domain of science, while the horizontal axis shows how the concepts are interconnected between domains of science. Therefore, based upon the five themes, individual or separate knowledge can be put into more unified knowledge so that contribution of knowledge transfer to new ones can be expected for leaners who will be creative in problem-solving. The process and products of the curriculum development as well as the background of the present research are described and discussed in detail.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.57 no.4
• /
• pp.559-564
• /
• 2019

Hierarchical $ZnCo_2O_4$ hollow nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning and subsequent heat-treatment process. The spinning solution containing polystyrene (PS) nanobeads was electrospun to nanofibers. During heat-treatment process, PS nanobeads in the composite were decomposed and therefore generated numerous pores uniformly in the structure, which facilitated the heat transfer and gas penetration into the structure. The resulting hierarchical $ZnCo_2O_4$ hollow nanofibers were applied as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The discharge capacity of the nanofibers was $815mA\;h\;g^{-1}$ ($646mA\;h\;cm^{-3}$) after the 300th cycle at a high current density of $1.0A\;g^{-1}$. However, $ZnCo_2O_4$ nanopowders showed the discharge capacity of $487mA\;h\;g^{-1}$ ($450mA\;h\;cm^{-3}$) after 300th cycle. The excellent lithium ion storage property of the hierarchical $ZnCo_2O_4$ hollow nanofibers was attributed to the synergetic effects of the hollow nanofiber structure and the $ZnCo_2O_4$ nanocrystals composing the shell. The hierarchical hollow nanofiber structure introduced in this study can be extended to various metal oxides for various applications, including energy storage.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.83-91
• /
• 2006

Recently, the intensive rainstorm possibly induced by global warming plays a key role on the instability of railway adjacent slopes. The instability of slopes results as covering and loss of railway lines induced by slided soil mass. According to the site investigation on the failed slopes triggered by rainfall, low types of slope failure were observed: shallow, intermediate, gully erosion, and soil-rock interface failures. The observation reveals the different characteristics of slope failure depending on the thickness of soil layer, morphological features of slope, etc. Based upon the observations, flume tests were conducted to analyze the sliding mechanism of each failure. The variables of flume test are soil layer thickness, rainfall intensity, and morphology of slope under the constant condition of the percentage of fine, initial soil moisture content, slope angle and compaction energy. Test results show that shallow failure was mostly observed from the surface of the slope and caused by the soil erosion; in addition, compared to the other types of failure, the occurrence of initial erosion is late, however, the development of erosion is fast. In gully erosion failure, the collected water from the water catchment area helps erosion of the upper soil layer and transfer of residual corestone, which impedes the erosion process once the upper soil layers are eroded and corestone are exposed. The soil-rock interface failure shows the most fast initial erosion process among the failure types. Interestingly, the common feature observed from the different types of failure was the occurrence of the initial deformation near the toe of slopes which implies the existence of surbsurface flow along the downslope direction.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.253-261
• /
• 2005

Catalytic wet oxidation of ppm levels of trichloroethylene (TCE) in water has been conducted using $TiO_2$-supported cobalt oxides at a given temperature and weight hourly space velocity. 5% $CoO_x/TiO_2$ might be the most promising catalyst for the wet oxidation at $36^{\circ}C$ although it exhibited a transient behavior in time on-stream activity. Not only could the bare support be inactive for the wet decomposition reaction, but no TCE removal also occurred by the process of adsorption on $TiO_2$ surface. The catalytic activity was independent of all particle sizes used, thereby representing no mass transfer limitation in intraparticle diffusion. Characterization of the $CoO_x$ catalyst by acquiring XPS spectra of both fresh and used Co surfaces gave different surface spectral features of each $CoO_x$. Co $2p_{3/2}$ binding energy of Co species exposed predominantly onto the outermost surface of the fresh catalyst appeared at 781.3 eV, which is very similar to the chemical states of $CoTiO_x$ such as $Co_2TiO_4$ and $CoTiO_3$. The spent catalyst possessed a 780.3 eV main peak with a satellite structure at 795.8 eV. Based on XPS spectra of reference Co compound, the TCE-exposed Co surfaces could be assigned to be in the form of mainly $Co_3O_4$. XRD measurements indicated that the phase structure of Co species in 5% $CoO_x/TiO_2$ catalyst even before reaction is quite comparable to the diffraction lines of external $Co_3O_4$ standard. A model structure of $CoO_x$ present on titania surfaces would be $Co_3O_4$, encapsulated in thin-film $CoTiO_x$ species consisting of $Co_2TiO_4$ and $CoTiO_3$, which may be active for the decomposition of TCE in a flow of water.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2012.08a
• /
• pp.375-375
• /
• 2012

Graphene is a sp2-hybridized carbon sheet with an atomic-level thickness and a wide range of graphene applications has been intensely investigated due to its unique electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. In particular, hybrid graphene structures combined with various nanomaterials have been studied in energy- and sensor-based applications due to the high conductivity, large surface area and enhanced reactivity of the nanostructures. Conventional metal-catalytic growth method, however, makes useful applications difficult since a transfer process, used to separate graphene from the metal substrate, should be required. Recently several papers have been published on direct graphene growth on the two dimensional planar substrates, but it is necessary to explore a direct growth of hierarchical nanostructures for the future graphene applications. In this study, uniform graphene layers were successfully synthesized on highly dense dielectric nanowires (NWs) without any external catalysts. We also demonstrated that the graphene morphology on NWs can be controlled by the growth parameters, such as temperature or partial pressure in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system. This direct growth method can be readily applied to the fabrication of nanoscale graphene electrode with designed structures because a wide range of nanostructured template is available. In addition, we believe that the direct growth growth approach and morphological control of graphene are promising for the advanced graphene applications such as super capacitors or bio-sensors.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 2009.06a
• /
• pp.441-441
• /
• 2009

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been widely investigated as a next-generation solar cell because of their simple fabrication process and low coats. The cells use a porous nanocrystalline TiO2 matrix coated with a sensitizer dye that acts as the light-harvesting element. The photo-exited dye injects electrons into the $TiO_2$ particles, and the oxide dye reacts with I- in the electrolyte in regenerative cycle that is completed by the reduction of $I_3^-$ at a platinum-coated counter electrode. Since $TiO_2$ porous film plays a key role in the enhancement of photoelectric conversion efficiency of DSSC, many scientists focus their researches on it. Especially, a high light-to-electricity conversion efficiency results from particle size and crystallographic phase, film porosity, surface structure, charge and surface area to volume ratio of porous $TiO_2$ electrodes, on which the dye can be sufficiently adsorbed. Effective treatment of the photoanode is important to improve DSSC performance. In this paper, to obtain properties of surface and dispersion as nitric acid treated $TiO_2$ photoelectrode was investigate. The photovoltaic characteristics of DSSCs based the electrode fabricated by nitric acid pre-treatment $TiO_2$ materials gave better performances on both of short circuit current density and open circuit voltage. We compare dispersion of $TiO_2$ nanoparticles before and after nitric acid treatment and measured Ti oxidized state from XPS. Low charge transfer resistance was obtained in nitric acid treated sample than that of untreated sample. The dye-sensitized solar cell based on the nitric acid treatment had open-circuit voltage of 0.71 V, a short-circuit current of 15.2 mAcm-2 and an energy conversion efficiency of 6.6 % under light intensity of $100\;mWcm^{-2}$. About 14 % increases in efficiency obtained when the $TiO_2$ electrode was treated by nitric acid.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.221-230
• /
• 2005

Catalytic wet oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in water has been conducted using $TiO_2-supported$ cobalt oxides at $36^{\circ}C$ with a weight hourly space velocity of $7,500\;h^{-1}.\;5\%\;CoO_x/TiO_2$, prepared by using an incipient wetness technique, might be the most promising catalyst for the wet oxidation although it exhibited a transient behavior in time on-stream activity. Not only could the bare support be inactive for the wet decomposition reaction, but no TCE removal also occurred by the process of adsorption on $TiO_2$ surface. The catalytic activity was independent of all particle sizes used, thereby representing no mass transfer limitation in intraparticle diffusion. XPS spectra of both fresh and used Co surfaces gave different surface spectral features for each $CoO_x,\;Co\;2P_{3/2}$ binding energy for Co species in the fresh catalyst appeared at 781.3 eV, which is very similar to the chemical states of $CoTiO_x$ such as $CO_2TiO_4\;and\;CoTiO_3$. The used catalyst exhibited a 780.3-eV main peak with a satellite structure at 795.8 eV. Based on XPS spectra of reference Co compound, the TCE-exposed Co surfaces could be assigned to be in the form of mainly $Co_3O_4$. XRD patterns for $5\%\;CoO_x/TiO_2$ catalyst indicated that the phase structure of Co species in the catalyst even before reaction is quite comparable to the diffraction lines of external $Co_3O_4$ standard. A model structure of $CoO_x$ present predominantly on titania surfaces would be $Co_3O_4$, encapsulated in thin-film $CoTiO_x$ species consisting of $Co_2TiO_4$ and $CoTiO_3$, which may be active for the decomposition of TCE in a flow of water.