• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.639-648
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• 2013

Unconventional natural gas resources are now estimated to be as large as conventional resources. Unconventional natural gas has became an increasingly important source of energy in the world since the start of this century. The factors that drive natural gas demand and supply point more and more to a future in which natural gas plays greater role in the global energy mix. The expansion of using natural gas will be expected in Korea. This research aims to analyze environmental impacts of expansion of unconventional natural gas. This research was carried out for comparative analysis between global energy mix and Korea energy mix, and developed a case that reflect the changed energy mix due to the expansion of unconventional natural gas in Korea. Also this research evaluate the production of air pollutants and the cost of the damage in power generation sector. The results of this research can be summarized as that natural gas portion of future global energy mix (about 25%) is greater than Korea energy mix (about 12%). This research developed a case that replace 10% energy of power generation sector to natural gas in the 6th demand supply program, reflecting the changed energy mix due to the expansion of natural gas use. In that case, air pollutants would be reduced gradually through 2015 to 2027. In detail, carbon dioxide reduces 22 million tons and environmental damage cost reduces 4500 billion won by 2027.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.134-141
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate instant coffee-mix intakes and its relations with anthropometric measurements, nutrient intake, and blood lipid in Gangneung and Samcheok residents. Coffee-mix is a mixture of instant coffee, sugar and coffee-creamer. It is a standardized convenience food in Korea. Recently, Koreans appear to consume too much of instant coffee-mix. The respondents of this study were 218 Koreans (Gangneung region 133, Samcheok region 85). The average age was 56.0 years (male), 57.5 years (female). They were divided into 2 groups, the instant coffee-mix drinkers and the non-drinkers. The nutrient intake and anthropometric measurements and their relations with coffee-mix intakes were analyzed (nutrient intakes were calculated by converting per 1,000 kcal and adjusted by age, region). As for male, body fat was significantly higher in coffee-mix drinkers (18.1 kg, 25.0%) than in non-drinkers (17.1 kg, 23.8%). In the case of females, serum triglyceride was significantly higher in coffee-mix drinkers (109.1 mg/dL) than in nondrinkers (102.9 mg/dL). Coffee-mix intakes and coffee-mix's contributions to energy were higher for participants from Samcheok (21.2 g, 4.7%) than those from Gangneung (16.6 g, 3.4%). In addition, for Samcheok, coffee-mix's contribution to energy was significantly higher in male (5.6%) than in female (4.2%). Coffee-mix intakes and energy contribution of coffee-mix were not significantly correlated with anthropometric measurements. Only HDL-cholestrol showed significantly negative correlation with coffee-mix's contributions to energy. Based on the above results, we conclude that usual instant coffee-mix intake may increase intakes of sugar and fat and exert negative effects on serum lipids. Therefore, it is needed to control too much instant coffee-mix intake in the dietary management of rural residents.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.133-142
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to predict the fracture energy in accordance with the combination variables by applying the mix design nomogram in ready mixed concrete products. In terms of the experiment for drawing up Mix Design Nomogram, the beam is manufactured based on the mixture table described in the specifications of ready mixed concrete manufacturing company and a three-point bending test suggested in RILEM 50-FMC Committee is performed. As a result, this study makes sure the possibility to apply the mix design nomogram that is possible to predict the fracture energy in ready mixed concrete products and enables one to achieve the automation of the design of mixture for the production of ready mixed concrete products with the development of program using it.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.183-191
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• 2013

We address the power generation mix problem that considers not only nuclear and fossil fuels such as oil, coal and LNG but also renewable energy technologies. Unlike nuclear or other generation technologies, the expansion plan of renewable energy is highly uncertain because of its dependency on the government policy and uncertainty associated with technology improvements. To address this issue, we conduct a delphi survey and forecast the capacity of renewable energy. We further propose a stochastic mixed integer programming model that determines an optimal capacity expansion and the amount of power generation using each generation technology. Using the proposed model, we test eight generation mix scenarios and particularly evaluate how much the expansion of renewable energy contributes to the total costs for power generation in Korea. The evaluation results show that the use of renewable energy incurs additional costs.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.281-294
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• 2016

This study was conducted to promote consumer interest in Geothermal Heat Pump (Ground Source Heat Pump, GSHP) and district heating and cooling (District Heating & Cooling, DHC) systems, which are competing with each other in the heating and cooling field. Considering not only the required cost data of energy itself, but also external influence factors, the optimal mix ratio of these two energy systems was studied as follows. The quantitative data of the two energy systems was entered into a database and the non-quantitative factors of external influence were applied in the form of coefficients. Considering both of these factors, the optimal mix ratio of GSHP and DHC systems and minimum Life Cycle Cost (LCC) were obtained using an algorithm model design. The Optimal Energy Mix of GSHP & DHC (OEMGD) algorithm was developed using a software program (Octave 4.0). The numerical result was able to reflect the variety of external influence factors through the OEMGD algorithm. The OEMGD model found that the DHC system is more economical than the GSHP system and was able to represent the optimal energy mix ratio and LCC of mixed energy systems according to changes in the external influences. The OEMGD algorithm could be of help to improve the consumers' experience and rationalize their energy usage.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.114-124
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• 2009

The Ministry of Knowledge and Economy (MKE) establishes the Basic Plan for Long-Term Electricity Supply and Demand(BPE) biannually, a governmental plan for the stable electricity supply. This study investigated the effects of the electric demand forecast on the energy mix. A simplified simulation model was developed, which replaces the WASP program developed by the KPX and verified by comparing both results. Three different electric demand scenarios were devised based upon the 2005 electric demand forecast: Proper, 5 % higher, and 5% lower. The simplified model calculates the energy mix for each scenario of the year 2005. Then it calculates the energy mix for the proper electric demand forecast of the year 2007 using the energy mixes of the three scenarios as the initial conditions, so that it reveals the effect of electric demand forecast of the previous BPE on the energy mix of the next BPE. As the proper electric demand forecasts of the year 2005 and 2007 are the same, there is no change in the previous and the next BPEs. However when the electric demand forecasts were 5% higher in the previous BPE and proper in the next BPE, some of the planned power plant construction in the previous BPE had to be canceled. Similarly, when the electric demand forecasts were 5% lower in the previous BPE and proper in the next BPE, power plant construction should be urgently increased to meet the increased electric demand. As expected the LNG power plants were affected as their construction periods are shorter than coal fired or nuclear power plants. This study concludes that the electric demand forecast is very important and that it has the risk of long term energy mix.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.761-796
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• 2011

The purpose of this paper is to derive fuel mix of electricity generating system with the lowest cost considering energy security and climate change mitigations as the target of energy policy. Energy Security Price Index(ESPI), based on the measure of market concentration in fossil fuel market and political risk of exporting countries, is chosen to assess the level of energy security. The methodology of Energy Conservation Supply Curve(CSC) is applied to fuel mix to meet the carbon emission mitigation through increasing the alternatives participation and introduction of new technologies. These also represent an improvement on the level of energy security, having the complementarity between two objectives. The alternative measure for improving energy security is exploration and production(E&P) of fossil fuel for energy sufficiency. Fuel mix of electricity generating system to achieve certain objectives in 2020 can be derived with the lowest cost considering energy security and carbon emission mitigations.

• Bulletin of the Korea Photovoltaic Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.56-68
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• 2020

Cameroon is a lower middle-income country with a population of 25.87 million inhabitants distributed over a surface area of 475,442 ㎢. Cameroon has very rich potentials in renewable energy resources such as solar energy, wind energy, small hydropower, geothermal energy and biomass. However, renewable energy constitutes less than 0.1% of energy mix of the country. The energy generation mix of Cameroon is dominated by large hydropower and thermal power. Cameroon ratified the Paris Agreement in July 2016 with an ambitious 20% greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction. This study attempts to investigate some renewable energy deployment policy-instruments that could enable the country enhance renewable energy deployment, gain energy independence, fulfill Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and achieve Sustainable Development Goals. It begins with an analysis of the status of energy sector in Cameroon. It further highlights the importance of renewable energy in mitigating climate change by decarbonizing the energy mix of the country to fulfill NDC and SDGs. Moreover, this study proposes some renewable energy deployment policy-solutions to the government. Solar energy is the most feasible renewable energy source in Cameroon. Feed-in Tariffs (FiT), is the best renewable energy support policy for Cameroon. Finally, this study concludes with some recommendations such as the necessity of building an Energy Storage System as well a renewable energy information and statistics infrastructure.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.753-758
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• 2007

AHP analysis was carried out to derive the optimum mix weight of hydrogen energy production material presented in a "national vision of the hydrogen economy and the action plan" and aimed to be commercialized by $2030{\sim}2040$ year. Six kinds of hydrogen production materials(natural gas, spare electric energy, fleeting gas, renewable energy, coal, nuclear energy) was selected as subjects of study and the perspective of optimum mix weight was derived through AHP analysis.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.305-317
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• 2024

To investigate the effect of changes in microbial communities on arsenic release in soil, experiments were conducted on arsenic-contaminated soils (F1, G7, and G10). The experiments involved three groups of the experimental sets; ① BAC: sterilized soil + Bacillus fungorum, ② IND: indigenous bacteria, and ③ MIX: indigenous bacteria + B. fungorum, and incubated them for seven weeks using lactate as a carbon source under anaerobic conditions. The experimental results showed that higher concentrations of arsenic were released from the IND and MIX soils, where indigenous bacterial communities existed, compared to BAC. Significantly higher levels of arsenic were released from the G10 soil, which showed higher pH, compared to the F1 and G7 soils. In the G10 soil, unlike other soils, the proportion of As(III) among the released arsenic was also low. These results may be attributed to differences in microbial community composition that vary depending on the soil. By the seventh week, the diversity of microbial species in the IND and MIX soils had significantly decreased, with dominant orders such as Eubacteriales and Bacillales thriving. Bacteroidales in the seventh week of the MIX in the F1 soil, Rummeliibacillus in the seventh week of the IND and MIX of the G7 soil, and Enterobacterales in the IND and MIX of the G10 soil were dominant. At present, it is not known which mechanisms of microbial community changes affect the geochemical behavior of arsenic; however, these results indicate that microbiome in the soil may function as one of the factors regulating arsenic release.