• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.1044-1052
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• 2015

The aim of this modelling study was to investigate the effect of large herd size (and land areas) on walking distances and milking interval (MI), and their impact on milk yield and economic penalties when 50% of the total diets were provided from home grown feed either as pasture or grazeable complementary forage rotation (CFR) in an automatic milking system (AMS). Twelve scenarios consisting of 3 AMS herds (400, 600, 800 cows), 2 levels of pasture utilisation (current AMS utilisation of 15.0 t dry matter [DM]/ha, termed as 'moderate'; optimum pasture utilisation of 19.7 t DM/ha, termed as 'high') and 2 rates of incorporation of grazeable complementary forage system (CFS: 0, 30%; CFS = 65% farm is CFR and 35% of farm is pasture) were investigated. Walking distances, energy loss due to walking, MI, reduction in milk yield and income loss were calculated for each treatment based on information available in the literature. With moderate pasture utilisation and 0% CFR, increasing the herd size from 400 to 800 cows resulted in an increase in total walking distances between the parlour and the paddock from 3.5 to 6.3 km. Consequently, MI increased from 15.2 to 16.4 h with increased herd size from 400 to 800 cows. High pasture utilisation (allowing for an increased stocking density) reduced the total walking distances up to 1 km, thus reduced the MI by up to 0.5 h compared to the moderate pasture, 800 cow herd combination. The high pasture utilisation combined with 30% of the farm in CFR in the farm reduced the total walking distances by up to 1.7 km and MI by up to 0.8 h compared to the moderate pasture and 800 cow herd combination. For moderate pasture utilisation, increasing the herd size from 400 to 800 cows resulted in more dramatic milk yield penalty as yield increasing from c.f. 2.6 and 5.1 kg/cow/d respectively, which incurred a loss of up to $AU 1.9/cow/d. Milk yield losses of 0.61 kg and 0.25 kg for every km increase in total walking distance (voluntary return trip from parlour to paddock) and every one hour increase in MI, respectively. The high pasture utilisation combined with 30% of the farm in CFR in the farm increased milk yield by up to 1.5 kg/cow/d, thereby reducing loss by up to $0.5/cow/d (c.f. the moderate pasture and 800 cow herd scenario). Thus, it was concluded that the successful integration of grazeable CFS with pasture has the potential to improve financial performance compared to the pasture only, large herd, AMS.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2008

Bio-implantable devices such as heart pacers, gastric pacers and drug-delivery systems require power for carrying out their intended functions. These devices are usually powered through a battery implanted with the system or are wired to an external power source. This paper describes an inductive power transmission link, which was developed for an implantable stimulator for direct stimulation of denervated muscles. The carrier frequency is around 1MHz, the transmitter coil has a diameter of 46mm, and the implant coil is 46mm. Data transmission to the implant with amplitude shift keying (ASK) and back to the transmitter with passive telemetry can be added without major design changes. We chose the range of coil spacing (2 to 30mm) to care for lateral misalignment, as it occurs in practical use. If the transmitter coil has a well defined and reliable position in respect to the implant, a smaller working range might be sufficient. Under these conditions the link can be operated in fixed frequency mode, and reaches even higher efficiencies of up to 37%. The link transmits a current of 50 mA over a distance range of 2-15 mm with an efficiency of more than 20% in tracking frequency. The efficiency of the link was optimized with different approaches. A class E transmitter was used to minimize losses of the power stage. The geometry and material of the transmitter coil was optimized for maximum coupling. Phase lock techniques were used to achieve frequency tracking, keeping the transmitter optimally tuned at different coupling conditions caused by coil distance variations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.871-880
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• 1999

The effects of dry roasting (110, 130, $150^{\circ}C$ for 15, 30, 45 min) on potential ruminant protein nutritional values in terms of: a), rumen bypass protein (BCP); b), rumen bypass starch (BST); c), fermented organic matter (FOM); d), true absorbed bypass protein (ABCP); e) microbial protein synthesized in the rumen based on available energy (E_MP); f), microbial protein synthesized in the rumen based on available nitrogen (N_MP); g), true protein supplied to the small intestine (TPSI); h), true absorbed rumen synthesized microbial protein (AMP); i), endogenous protein losses (ENDP); j), true digested protein in the small intestine (DVE); k), degraded protein balance (OEB) of whole lupin seeds (WLS) and faba beans (WFB) were evaluated by the new Dutch DV/OEB protein evaluation system. Dry roasting significantly increased BCP, BST, TPSI, ABCP, DVE (p<0.001) and decreased FOM, E_MP, AMP, N_MP and OEB (p<0.001) with increasing temperatures and times except that when temperature was at $110^{\circ}C$. The values of BCP, BST, TPSI, ABCP and DVE at $150^{\circ}C/45min$ for WLS and WFB were increased 2.2, 3.7; -, 2.0; 1.7, 1.7; 2.3, 3.7 and 1.7, 1.7 times and the values of FOM, E_MP, AMP, N_MP and OEB at $150^{\circ}C/45min$ for WLS and WFB were decreased by 15.3, 25.8; 18.1, 25.8; 18.7, 25.8; 54.6, 41.6 and 82.3% 54.7%, respectively, over the raw WLS and WFB. The results indicated that though dry roasting reduced microbial protein synthesis due to reducing FOM, TPSI didn't decrease but highly increased due to increasing BCP more than enough for compensation of the microbial protein decreasing. Therefore the net absorbable DVE in the small intestine was highly increased. The OEB values were significantly reduced for both WLS and WFB but not to the level of negative. It indicated that microbial protein synthesis might not be impaired due to the sufficient N supplied in the rumen, but the high positive OEB values in the most treatments except of $150^{\circ}C$ for 30 and 45 min of WLS (The OEB values: 54.8 and 26.0 g/kg DM) indicated that there were the large amounts of N loss in the rumen. It was concluded that dry roasting at high temperature was effective in shifting protein degradation from rumen to intestines and it increased the DVE values without reaching the negative OEB values. No optimal treatment was found in WLS due to the too high OEB values in all treatments. But dry roasting at $150^{\circ}C$ for 30 and 45 min might be optimal treatments for WLS due to the very lower OEB values.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.340-350
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to determine whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$(PPAR${\gamma}$ is involved in the regulation of weaning to estrus of primiparous sows. Twelve sows composed of 6 groups of 2 full-sibs in a similar age (325.2 d), body weight (BW; 152.4 kg) and backfat thickness (BFT; 27.0 mm) at start of lactation, were allocated to accept 31 MJ (restricted group, R-group) or 53 MJ (control group, C-group) DE/d treatment, respectively. The experimental results indicated that the low energy intake resulted in excessive losses of BW and BFT during lactation in R-group sows, which may be related to decrease of serum 15-deoxy-${\Delta}^{12,14}$-prostaglandin $J_2$ (15d-$PGJ_2$), a ligand of PPAR${\gamma}$ The obvious peak and the frequency of LH, FSH and estradiol ($E_2$) were only observed in C-group sows. Except for $E_2$ at d 1 and 2, serum FSH, LH and $E_2$ concentrations in R-group were lower than those in C-group sows after weaning. However, the serum progesterone ($P_4$) level in R-group sows was always more than that in C-group. The expression abundances of PPAR${\gamma}$and GnRH receptor (GnRH-R) in pituitary, FSH receptor (FSH-R), LH receptor (LH-R), estrogen receptor (ES-R) and aromatase in ovary of anestrous sows were lower than those of estrous sows. Neither the BFT nor the BW was associated with the mRNA abundance of PPAR${\gamma}$in hypothalamus during lactation. Expressions of PPAR${\gamma}$in pituitary and ovary were affected evidently by the BFT changes and only by the loss of BW of sows during and after lactation. Furthermore, PPAR${\gamma}$mRNA level in ovary was significantly related to the expression abundances of GnRH-R, FSH-R, ES-R and aromatase, and GnRH-R was obviously associated with PPAR${\gamma}$expression in pituitary. However, PPAR${\gamma}$expression in hypothalamus likely has no effects on these genes expression and no obvious difference for all sows. Not serum $E_2$ or $P_4$ alone but the ratios of $E_2$ to $P_4$ and 15d-$PGJ_2$ to $P_4$, and serum FSH and LH were evidently related to PPAR${\gamma}$expression in pituitary and ovary. It is concluded that PPAR${\gamma}$is associated with body conditions, reproduction hormones and their receptor expression, which affected the functions of pituitary and ovary and ultimately the estrus after weaning of primiparous sows.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1470-1476
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• 2016

The viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), which belongs to the Novirhabdovirus genus of the Rhabdoviridae family, is a viral pathogen that causes severe losses in the olive flounder farming industry. Among six encoding VHSV proteins, the non-virion (NV) protein has been shown to have an impact on virulence. In our previous studies, transcriptomics microarray analysis by using VHSV-infected olive flounder showed that VHSV infection significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression of glycolytic enzymes. In addition, VHSV NV protein variants decreased the intracellular ATP level. Based on these results, we have tried to examine the effect of VHSV NV protein on glycolytic enzyme glucokinase expression, which phosphorylates glucose to glucose 6-phosphate. Our results indicated that the NV protein significantly decreased the mRNA expression of glucokinase in olive flounder HINAE cells. Furthermore, the NV protein played a negative role in the promoter activation of glucokinase. Furthermore, glucose uptake was effectively inhibited by VHSV infection and NV protein expression in olive flounder HINAE cells. These results suggest that the VHSV NV protein negatively regulates glycolytic enzyme expression by a transcription level and eventually leads to gradual morbidity of olive flounder through cellular energy deprivation. The present results may be useful for the prevention and diagnosis of VHSV infection in olive flounder.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2020

The CM247LC, a Ni-based superalloy material used for gas turbine hot gas path parts, is casted using directionally solidified technology to analyze the mechanical properties and microstructures through HIP (Hot Isostatic Pressing) and post-heat treatment, and to derive optimal HIP treatment conditions. The CM247LC material is being researched in various ways as an alternative material for prototyping gas turbine blades. In particular, the blade rotating part is exposed and operated in a high temperature and high-pressure environment, and when damaged, it may cause huge economic losses. Therefore, in order to use the CM247LC material as prototyping materials for gas turbine blades, the reliability of the microstructure and mechanical properties must be verified. In this study, after casting rod test specimens using CM247LC material by directionally solidified technology, after that the specimens were performed by HIP treatment and post-heat treatment to test two HIP conditions designed by KEPCO to derive the possibility of prototyping of CM247LC material and optimization of HIP treatment conditions. Additionally, the properties of CM247LC material were compared to the GTD111DS material using for 1,300℃ class gas turbine blades.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.49 no.12
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• pp.1015-1025
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• 2016

In general, manholes installed as urban drainage facilities are a variety forms such as straight path manholes, 90 degree bend manhole, three-way combining manhole, and four-way combining manhole. In particular, the surcharged flow at a four-way manholes installed in the downstream of urban sewer system is the main cause of the urban inundation caused by the energy loss. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the flow characteristics and estimate the head loss coefficients at surcharged four-way combining manholes. The hydraulic experimental apparatus which can change the manhole shapes (square, circle) and flow ratios were installed to estimate the head loss coefficients. In the experiments, two inflows ($Q_m$, $Q_{lat}$) were varied from 0 to $4.8{\ell}/sec$ and 24 combinations were tested in total. The flow ratios $Q_{lat}/Q_{out}$ were varied from 0 to 1 for a total flow $Q_{out}$ ($Q_{out}=Q_m+2Q_{lat}$) of 2, 3, 4, and $4.8{\ell}/sec$, respectively. The variation of head losses were strongly influenced by the lateral inflow because the head loss coefficient increases as the flow ratios $Q_{lat}/Q_{out}$ increases. It was estimated head loss coefficients of the circular manhole is slightly lower than those of the square manhole. However, there was no significant difference of head loss as discharges change. The range of head loss coefficients at four-way combining manhole according to the change of the lateral inflow ratio was estimated to be 0.4 to 0.8. Also, the relation equations between the head loss coefficients (K) and the lateral inflow ratios ($Q_{lat}/Q_{out}$) were suggested in this paper.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.347-352
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• 2011

When concrete is worked in cold weather, the methods of using hot air, water and aggregate heating, accelerators are used to prevent early frosting and to improve early strength. But these methods raise problems such as implementation difficulty, high cost, and energy losses. Among the available cold weathering methods, accelerator method is the most economical but with the drawbacks of rapid setting and insufficient workability in the initial hydration stage. Therefore, the tablet method usually used for pharmaceutical field was applied to the accelerator method to compare the controlled reaction time of the new and old accelerator method. Based on the test results, physical and mechanical properties of concrete were tested and the possibility of delaying initial reactions to increase the total reaction time was evaluated. The results showed that when both accelerators and tablet were used, setting-time decreased. Physical properties of concrete were optimal for tablet 0.5% and 1.0%. Also, accelerator 0.5%, tablet 0.5% and 1.0% showed good early strengths.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2010

The bearing wall apartments which occupy the majority of multi-residential apartment buildings built in Korea, are known for having limited architectural plan flexibility, posing challenges in terms of maintenance and remodeling. The economic losses and environmental issues resulting from the reconstruction of bearing wall apartments are now accumulating to the extent that they are becoming a national concern. Multi-residential apartment buildings, which are now the dominant form of residence in Korea, must accommodate diverse customer needs and changes in life style. A new concept of Rahmen structure with architectural flexibility is Green Frame. GF multi-residence housing is expected to reduce construction costs and shorten the construction schedule by overcoming the shortcomings of conventional bearing wall apartments. This goal is consistent with the national policies that target the reduction of resource and energy consumption. In addition, GF will be established as a core contributor to achieving a reduction in $CO_2$ emissions, which will enable the sustainable growth of domestic construction industry, and address the low-carbon green growth drive implemented by the government.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.449-455
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• 2016

Fog causes economic losses in transportation. It also results in health problems when it is combined with air pollutants. Considerable research efforts have focused on developing fog removal systems. However, most systems operate themselves after monitoring the fog. Additionally, continuous energy supply and maintenance are required to retain the fog-removal efficiency of the system. This study included the demonstration of a moss filter (a polyolefin mesh interlaced with moss) as a fog-removal method overcoming the limitations of the fog removal system. Three types of mosses with different surface structures were investigated to elucidate the relation between the moisture absorption rate and the structures. Among the different moss types, Hypopterygium japinicum showed the highest efficiency based on the smallest pore diameter and the largest total pore area. The visibilities with the moss filter and the polyolefin mesh were compared to perform the fog removal tests. The moss filter could provide a cost-effective and eco-friendly fog removal system with sustainability.