• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.291-298
• /
• 2018

TBC1D1 gene has known functional effects on body energy homeostasis and glucose uptake pathway in skeletal muscle tissue. This biological function is reported to have significant effects on traits of growth and meat quality in chicken. In this study, we focused on two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (g.70179137A>G and g.70175861T>C) identified through SNP annotation information of Korean native chicken and previous literature for TBC1D1 in chicken. Association of SNPs in TBC1D1 with growth and serum clinical-chemical traits were evaluated. A total of 584 male and female birds from five Korean native chicken lines were used in the study. The SNP1 (g.70179137A>G) is located in intron 11 and SNP2 (g.70175861T>C) is a non-synonymous missense mutation in exon 10, responsible for the amino acid change from Methionine to Valine. The A allele of SNP1 and T allele of SNP2 had the highest allele frequencies. Both SNPs indicated moderate polymorphism information content values (0.25

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.460-469
• /
• 2019

Purpose: The ${\beta}3-adrenergic$ receptor (ADRB3) is expressed in visceral adipose tissue and has been speculated to contribute to lipolysis, energy metabolism, and regulation of the metabolic rate. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of polymorphism of the ADRB3 gene with the sex of children with obesity and related pathologies. Methods: ADRB3 gene trp64arg genotyping was conducted in 441 children aged 6-18 years. Among these subjects, 264 were obese (103 boys; 161 girls) and 179 were of normal weight (81 boys; 98 girls). In the obese group, fasting lipids, glucose and insulin levels, and blood pressure were measured. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined according to the modified World Health Organization criteria adapted for children. Results: The frequency of trp64arg genotype was similar in obese and normal weight children. In obese children, serum lipid, glucose, and insulin levels; homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) scores; and MS were not different between arg allele carriers (trp64arg) and noncarriers (trp64trp). In 264 obese children, genetic analysis results revealed that the arg allele carriers were significantly higher in girls than in boys (p=0.001). In the normal weight group, no statistically significant difference was found between genotypes of boys and girls (p=0.771). Conclusion: Trp64arg polymorphism of the ADRB3 gene was not associated with obesity and MS in Turkish children and adolescents. Although no relationships were observed between the genotypes and lipids, glucose/insulin levels, or HOMA-IR, the presence of trp64arg variant was frequent in obese girls, which can lead to weight gain as well as difficulty in losing weight in women.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.306-315
• /
• 2021

Purpose: Obesity is defined as the abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat over acceptable limits. Leptin is a metabolic hormone present in the circulation in amounts proportional to fat mass. Leptin reduces food intake and increases energy expenditure, thus regulating body weight and homeostasis. Various polymorphisms are present in the leptin gene and its receptor. These polymorphisms may be associated with obesity. This study aimed to show the association of leptin (+19) AG, leptin (2548) GA, and Gln223Arg leptin receptor polymorphisms with obesity and metabolic syndrome in Turkish children aged 6-17 years, and to conduct further investigations regarding the genetic etiology of obesity. Methods: A total of 174 patients diagnosed with obesity and 150 healthy children who were treated at Tokat Gaziosmanpasa Medical School Hospital between September 2014 and March 2015 were included in this study. The ages of the children were between 6 and 17 years, and anthropometric and laboratory results were recorded. Genotyping of leptin (+19) AG, leptin (2548) GA, and leptin receptor Gln223Arg polymorphisms was performed by polymerase chain reaction. Results: An association between leptin receptor Gln223Arg gene polymorphism and obesity was detected. Conclusion: Further studies are needed to determine the role of genetic etiologies and to indicate the role of leptin signal transmission impairment in the pathogenesis of obesity. We hope that gene therapy can soon provide a solution for obesity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.46 no.4
• /
• pp.572-584
• /
• 2022

Background: Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of trinucleotide CAG repeat in the Huntingtin (Htt) gene. The major pathogenic pathways underlying HD involve the impairment of cellular energy homeostasis and DNA damage in the brain. The protein kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is an important regulator of the DNA damage response. ATM is involved in the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), suggesting that AMPK plays a critical role in response to DNA damage. Herein, we demonstrated that expression of polyQ-expanded mutant Htt (mHtt) enhanced the phosphorylation of ATM. Ginsenoside is the main and most effective component of Panax ginseng. However, the protective effect of a ginsenoside (compound K, CK) in HD remains unclear and warrants further investigation. Methods: This study used the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of HD and performed behavioral tests, survival rate, histological analyses, and immunoblot assays. Results: The systematic administration of CK into R6/2 mice suppressed the activation of ATM/AMPK and reduced neuronal toxicity and mHTT aggregation. Most importantly, CK increased neuronal density and lifespan and improved motor dysfunction in R6/2 mice. Conversely, CK enhanced the expression of Bcl2 protected striatal cells from the toxicity induced by the overactivation of mHtt and AMPK. Conclusions: Thus, the oral administration of CK reduced the disease progression and markedly enhanced lifespan in the transgenic mouse model (R6/2) of HD.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.44 no.7
• /
• pp.458-467
• /
• 2021

GPR43 (also known as FFAR2 or FFA2) is a G-protein-coupled receptor primarily expressed in immune cells, enteroendocrine cells and adipocytes that recognizes short-chain fatty acids, such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, likely to be implicated in innate immunity and host energy homeostasis. Activated GPR43 suppresses the cAMP level and induces Ca²⁺ flux via coupling to Gα_i and Gα_q families, respectively. Additionally, GPR43 is reported to facilitate phosphorylation of ERK through G-protein-dependent pathways and interacts with β-arrestin 2 to inhibit NF-κB signaling. However, other G-protein-dependent and independent signaling pathways involving GPR43 remain to be established. Here, we have demonstrated that GPR43 augments Rho GTPase signaling. Acetate and a synthetic agonist effectively activated RhoA and stabilized YAP/TAZ transcriptional coactivators through interactions of GPR43 with Gα_q/11 and Gα_12/13. Acetate-induced nuclear accumulation of YAP was blocked by a GPR43-specific inverse agonist. The target genes induced by YAP/TAZ were further regulated by GPR43. Moreover, in THP-1-derived M1-like macrophage cells, the Rho-YAP/TAZ pathway was activated by acetate and a synthetic agonist. Our collective findings suggest that GPR43 acts as a mediator of the Rho-YAP/TAZ pathway.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.55 no.12
• /
• pp.645-650
• /
• 2022

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-subtype gastric cancers have the worst prognosis due to their higher recurrence rate, higher probability of developing metastases and higher chemo-resistance compared to those of other molecular subtypes. Pharmacologically actionable somatic mutations are rarely found in EMT-subtype gastric cancers, limiting the utility of targeted therapies. Here, we conducted a high-throughput chemical screen using 37 gastric cancer cell lines and 48,467 synthetic small-molecule compounds. We identified YK-135, a small-molecule compound that showed higher cytotoxicity toward EMT-subtype gastric cancer cell lines than toward non-EMT-subtype gastric cancer cell lines. YK-135 exerts its cytotoxic effects by inhibiting mitochondrial complex I activity and inducing AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated apoptosis. We found that the lower glycolytic capacity of the EMT-subtype gastric cancer cells confers synthetic lethality to the inhibition of mitochondrial complex I, possibly by failing to maintain energy homeostasis. Other well-known mitochondrial complex I inhibitors (e.g., rotenone and phenformin) mimic the efficacy of YK-135, supporting our results. These findings highlight mitochondrial complex I inhibitors as promising therapeutic agents for EMT-subtype gastric cancers and YK-135 as a novel chemical scaffold for further drug development.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.36 no.5
• /
• pp.169-174
• /
• 2022

In Korean medicine, the "five viscera" theory develops into the theory of homeostasis, in which the dynamic equilibrium state of the yin yang and five elements in the body maintain the balance of the physiological functions. The "five viscera" of the "five elements" can also be referred to as the "functional system," a conceptual system that includes all functional interactions mediated by the organ as well as the organ itself. Nowadays, the structure and function of the organs and tissues in the body are being re-examined, and there is now enough evidence that organs, structures, and their functions that belong to the same "element" are all connected in terms of energy metabolism. The functional system of the "kidney" includes the kidney itself, as well as other components that belong to "water" of the five elements such as bladder, bone, ear, essence, memory, and fear. The authors will discuss the latest findings in science and medicine to expand the understanding of the "Kidney" functional system to the level of molecular physiology.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.35-42
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of gene expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue on acute exhaustive exercise. Thirty-five Sparague Dawley male rats were divided into a control group (CON, n = 7) and a exhaustive exercise group (n = 28), immediately after exhaustive exercise group (n = 7), after 30 minutes exhaustive exercise group (n = 7), after 60 minutes exhaustive exercise group (n = 7), after 180 minutes exhaustive exercise group (n = 7). As a result, changes in the composition of the blood serum triglyceride concentration increased significantly in immediately after exhaustive exercise group, On the contrary, blood glucose showed a significantly decreased (p < .05). Homeostasis of energy metabolism due to exhaustive exercise as a result of the mechanism of action of skeletal muscle in the glycogenolysis and absorption, which indicates that the process of means. On the other hand, a result of examining changes in endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, JNK1 except in skeletal muscle BiP, ATF4, CHOP, GRP78 mRNA increased significantly immediately after exercise, and after 30 minutes returned to normal levels that could be confirmed (p < .05). BiP mRNA in adipose tissue show a similar pattern and skeletal muscle increased significantly immediately after exercise, but other changes in the specificity of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins also did not appear. In conclusion, Exercise applies and exercise training duration and exercise intensity as well as research on the interaction of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes should be study continuously, to be more clear.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.57 no.1
• /
• pp.65-74
• /
• 2024

Purpose: Sodium is essentially required for homeostasis and physiological functions, but excessive sodium consumption increases the risk of obesity and other chronic disorders. Korean studies on the sodium-obesity relationship are limited, and thus, this study was undertaken to determine the nature of the relationship between sodium intake and obesity in Korean adults. Methods: Forty-two participants were divided into 2 groups according to body mass index (BMI, non-obese BMI < 25 kg/m², obese BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²). Dietary intakes and eating habits were analyzed using 3-day food records and a food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric data were obtained from bioimpedance results, and fasting glucose and lipid levels were measured. Results: Mean weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences, and body fat mass were greater in the obese group than in the non-obese group for men and women. Skeletal muscle mass and body fat mass were higher in obese women than in non-obese women. Biochemical data were no different in these two subgroups except triglycerides (TGs), which were higher in obese women. Nutrient intakes were not significantly different in obese and non-obese groups. However, obese men consumed excessive sodium, while obese women consumed slightly more than non-obese women. Obese men preferred salty foods and tended to overeat. Positive correlations were found between sodium intake and weight in men and percent body fat mass (PBFM) in women. Correlation analysis (adjusted for energy intake) of the relation between sodium intake and obesity-related factors showed sodium intake was positively correlated with PBFM and TG in women. Conclusion: This anthropometric and biochemical data analysis emphasizes the need for awareness and interventions to mitigate the health risks of elevated sodium consumption. Our findings should aid future studies on the relationship between sodium and obesity and contribute to preventing and managing this metabolic condition.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.50 no.9
• /
• pp.905-911
• /
• 2007

Purpose : Ghrelin, being secreted from the stomach, stimulates growth hormone secretion and controls energy homeostasis by increasing appetite. Leptin, being secreted from the adipocytes, controls weight and energy homeostasis by decreasing appetite. Leptin concentration is reported to increase after childhood cancer therapy. This study was aimed to compare ghrelin and leptin concentrations in normal children and children who received cancer therapy. Methods : We enrolled forty-three patients who were diagnosed with cancer and received radiotherapy or chemotherapy during Dec. 2004 through Dec. 2005 in St. Marys hospital and Kangnam St. Marys hospital. Forty-five healthy children were selected as a control group whose age, gender, weight and height were similar to those of cancer group. The serum leptin and ghrelin concentrations were also measured by radioimmunoassay. Results : The cancer group showed higher BMI and leptin concentrations. The control group showed higher concentrations of ghrelin. Both control and cancer groups revealed positive correlations between leptin concentrations and BMI. Ghrelin concentrations in the control group showed negative correlations with age, height, weight and BMI but no significant correlation was found in the cancer group. All the parameters in the group treated with chemotherapy only were not different from those in the group treated with chemotherapy and irradiation. But the level of ghrelin in the acute myeloid leukemia group was much higher than those in the acute lymphoblastic leukemia group. Conclusion : Patients with pediatric cancer treatment have presented higher BMI and leptin concentrations but lower ghrelin concentrations than those in healthy children. Because of the relatively short duration and cross sectional method of the study, however, further long term and prospective study will be required in the future.