• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.237-269
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• 2012

This study applies a discrete-continuous choice model to a national survey data set of automobile uses to investigate the potential impacts of a bonus-malus system for new cars in Korea. Not only the impacts on the discrete choice of automobile type and class but also those on the continuous decision making of car operation are analyzed. The characteristics of automobiles and individuals that determine car choice and operation are identified. The simulation based on the estimation result shows that an appropriately designed bonus-malus system can induce a reduction in energy consumption and $CO_2$ emission substantially without additional government expenditure.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.280-295
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• 2016

Influences on the environment from the consumption of livestock have increased drastically during the last 50 years in Korea. Reduction of bovine meat consumption is one of the alternatives as sustainable food supply. The consumption of bovine meat and the ecological footprint (the sum of the cropland, grazing land, and carbon footprint) from the consumption of bovine meat have increased over 13 and 12 times over the last 50 years. Especially, the consumption of imported bovine meat and the ecological footprint from the consumption of imported bovine meat have increased significantly about 346 and 369 times over the last 40 years. If the consumption of bovine meat decreased by half in Korea in 2023, the ecological footprint from the consumption of bovine meat would be reduced by 40~65% depending on the scenarios. The supportable population number for the consumptions of environmental resources (food (crops, livestock, and fish), energy, forest, and built-up land) and the crops were 0.57~1.56 million and 3.42~6.83 million, respectively, depending on the scenarios and the nationality of the supported people.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.598-603
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• 2012

Beef qualities which can be properly predicted by time-temperature integrator (TTI), a chromatic indicator, were selected in terms of its similarity of temperature dependence between beef qualities and TTI, denoted by Arrhenius activation energy ($E_a$). The high similarity is required to afford accurate prediction. A devised enzymatic TTI based on laccase (an oxidase), which catalyses the oxidation on 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) producing color development, was applied. The factors of beef quality, such as volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), pH, color (CIE $L^*$, $a^*$), Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), Pseudomonas spp. count, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count were considered for the selection. $E_a$ (55.48 kJ/mol) of the TTI was found to be similar to those of the beef qualities (all referred) in the order of LAB count (53.54 kJ/mol), CIE $a^*$ value (61.86 kJ/mol), pH (65.51 kJ/mol), Pseudomonas spp. Count (44.54 kJ/mol), VBN (67.98 kJ/mol), WBSF (40.67 kJ/mol), and CIE $L^*$ value (33.72 kJ/mol). The beef qualities with more similar $E_a$ to that of the TTI showed less difference between real and TTI predicted levels. In conclusion, it was found out that when applying TTI to food packages, their $E_a$ similarity should be checked to assure accurate estimation of food quality levels from TTI response.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.271-282
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• 2015

External cost is cost imposed on a third party when producing or consuming a good or service. Since the 1990s, the external costs of nuclear powered electricity production have been studied. Costs are a very important factor in policy decision and the external cost is considered for cost comparison on electricity production. As for nuclear fuel cycle, a chosen technology will determine the external cost. However, there has been little research on this issue. For this study, methods for external cost on nuclear power production have been surveyed and analyzed to develop an approach for evaluating external cost on nuclear fuel cycles. Before the Fukushima accident, external cost research had focused on damage costs during normal operation of a fuel cycle. However, accident cost becomes a major concern after the accident. Various considerations for external cost including accident cost have been used to different studies, and different methods have been applied corresponding to the considerations. In this study, the results of the evaluation were compared and analyzed to identify methodological applicability to the external cost estimation with nuclear fuel cycles.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 1998.09a
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• pp.20-25
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• 1998

Solar irradiation controls the exchange of heat energy between atmosphere and land or ocean, and becomes an important factors to the radiance flux at the surface and the biosphere. In order to estimate solar irradiance and earth albedo In Korea peninsula during 1996, GMS date and paramaterization model was combinationally used. In clear sky, the paramaterization model was used to estimate solar iradiance. Also in cloudy sky, the earth albedo was used to calculate the Interceptive effect of solar irradiance. The hourly solar irradiance [the hourly earth albedo] showed generally very low values with <1.00 MJ/m$^2$hr [high values with >0.65] on the middle part (36.00-36.50$^{\circ}$S) and the Southeastern part (near 34.50$^{\circ}$S) in Korea peninsula, respectively. Satellite estimates (GMS data) with pyramometer measurements (in-situ data) were compared for 21 observed stations. Totally, correlation coefficient showed high values with 0.85. In the monthly variation, correlation coefficient of the spring and summer with rms=about 0.42 MJ/m$^2$hr was better than the autumn and winter with rms >0.5 MJ/m$^2$hr. Generally monthly variations of correlation coefficient between satellite estimetes and pyranometer measurements showed r=0.936 in clear sky during 1 year except only May, June, July and August.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.69-79
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• 2013

This study suggests a specific methodology to analyze how emission impacts on regional emission concentrations in accordance with the change of weather conditions, and the need of its application. The suggested methodology was applied to a transportation network of Pochun area in Gyenggido as an example. The methodology contains two types of analytical models; 1) dispersion analysis based on emission from traffic, and 2) dispersion analysis based on the combination between emission from traffic and existing emission in the air. By doing so, it is expected that the comprehensive influence of emission on traffic network and its surrounding areas can be identified. In addition, it might be useful for us to apply environmental risk assessment based on the effect of emission on the people.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.12-17
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of elderly women living in residential homes by estimating nutrients and food intakes. Food consumption survey was conducted by 3-day 24hr recall method with 99 elderly women aged 65 to 90 years from three residential homes in Seoul, Choonchun and Chunan and 46 free-living elderly women aged 65 to 88 years from Chunan as control group. Food intake data was converted into nutrient intake using computer aided nutritional analysis program. Mean energy intake and percentage of recommended daily allowance (RDA) of residential home residents were 1696㎉ and 101% of RDA while those of control were estimated as 1939㎉ and 119% of RDA. On average, absolute amount of nutrient intakes of residential home residents were slightly higher than control group. Subjects in control group showed significantly lower carbohydrate and vitamin A intake, while vitamin C intake was higher. However, nutrient intake quality determined by INQ (Index of nutritional quality) was significantly higher among control subjects in most nutrients except vitamin A than residential home residents. Intakes of calcium, vitamin A and riboflavin of all subjects in this study were less than 75% RDA meaning that nutritional status of calcium, vitamin A and riboflavin was insufficient and could possibly result in nutritional deficient. Some food groups such as milk or other dairy products must be strongly suggested to improve nutritional status of elderly women in this study. According to the results of this study, meal plans of residential homes are quite adequate in quantity of micronutrients, but need to be improved in both quantity and quality of micronutrients.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.257-264
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• 2016

In this study, experiments for measurements of entrainment rate of fluid mud were carried out using annular flume domestically for the first time. Six entrainment tests using kaolinite sediments were conducted with different initial concentrations of fluid mud. It is shown that sediment settling counteracts the otherwise buoyancy dependent entrainment of fluid mud, and that the settling effect leads to a measurably decreased entrainment rate at higher Richardson numbers in comparison with entrainment of salt water, due to additional dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy in the interfacial layer. Through the comparison with previous other studies, the overall performance of the annular flume, the experimental procedure and the test results in simulating the entrainment of fluid mud are shown to be good enough to verify.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.142-150
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• 1985

In this paper, stress distribution were given in consideration of bending effects in hemi-spherical shell and a modified equation of buckling load was represented with implicating the effects of plastic deformations and shape parameters. Especially, the distributions of shell near it's vertex were analyzed numerically, according to several cases of loading. For the sake of more good estimation of plastic dissipating energy, we used the yield-line method from plate theory. The modified criterion of bucking, P super(*) sub(cr), that was suggested in this study, was applied to SUS 302 stain-less steel hemi-spherical shell which had it's Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus with 0.33 and 19700 kg/mm$^2$. From some experiments and comparisons with other results, 재 suggested the critical buckling-load-equation with P super(*) sub(cr)=2E super(*).(t super(2)/a super(2)).{3(1-ν super(*2)} and computed the buckling initiation load with this equation. Because these result from modified criterion have more coincidence than previous one, we prospect this equation can be magnified it's utilities to the other materials.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.297-301
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• 2012

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is the major of bio-electrochemical system which can convert biomass spontaneously into electricity through the metabolic activity of the microorganisms. In this study, we used an activated sludge as a microbial inoculum and then investigated the feasibility of using dairy wastewater as a possible substrate for generating electricity in MFC. To examine the performance of MFC as power generator, the characteristics on cell potentials, power density, cyclic voltammetric analysis and sustainable power estimation were evaluated for dairy wastewater. The maximum power density of $40\;mW/m^2$was achieved when the dairy wastewater containing 2650 mg/L COD was used, leading to the removal of 88% of the COD. The results from this study demonstrate the feasibility of using MFC technology to generate electricity while simultaneously treating dairy wastewater effectively.