• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.98-109
• /
• 2012

The properties of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27, LDH) and expression of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) 1, 2, and 4 were studied in tissues from Micropterus salmoides. Native-PAGE revealed that the LDH $A_4$ isozyme was predominantly located in skeletal muscle. The LDH $A_4$, $A_2B_2$, and $B_4$ isozymes were detected in heart, liver, eye, and brain tissues, while eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme was detected in eye tissue. In September, strong LDH $B_4$ isozyme activity was detected in heart tissue. High $A_4$ isozyme activity was noted in all other tissues except heart tissue. However, in November, strong $A_4$ isozyme activity was detected in heart tissue. The LDH/CS (Citrate synthase, EC 4.1.3.7) ratio in skeletal muscle and heart tissues indicated that anaerobic metabolism was high in those tissues. Native-PAGE after immunoprecipitation showed that eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme was more similar to the $A_4$ than the $B_4$ isozyme. The LDH $A_4$ isozyme was purified by affinity chromatography. The molecular weight of subunit A was 37,200. The LDH activity in tissues was consistently 11.05~28.32% due to inhibition by 10 mM pyruvate. The $K_m^{PYR}$ of LDH in eye tissue was very low. The optimum pH for LDH in tissues was pH 7.5~8.0. The LDH $A_4$ isozyme was detected in mitochondria of skeletal muscle, whereas the $B_4$ and $A_2B_2$ isozymes were detected in heart tissue mitochondria. Western blot analysis indicated that MCTs 1, 2, and 4 were located in the plasma membrane and mitochondria of skeletal muscle and heart tissues. The sizes of MCTs 1, 2, and 4 in skeletal muscle were 60, 54~38, and 63 kDa, while those in heart tissue were 57, 54~38, and 55.5 kDa, respectively. In conclusion, M. salmoides appears to use anaerobic metabolism predominantly when adapted to a hypoxic environment. In highly activated skeletal muscle and heart tissue, energy production is controlled by inward and outward flows of pyruvate and lactate through MCTs 1, 2, and 4 in the plasma membrane and mitochondria, with effective adjustment by LDH isozymes.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.718-732
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to provide data for the basic research to found the effective conservation and management plan for the Geumdangsil Pine Forest of Yecheon designated as Natural Monument No. 469. Furthermore, this paper suggest efficient sustainable forest preservation and using. In order to achieve the sustainable forest preservation, this study was to analyse topography, land use, tree growth, soil environment, forest usage and forest management, etc. According to analysis the results, the site area is located in the flatlands where is from 130 to 140 m above sea level. The around forest was transformed into agricultural land. The 565 individuals of Pinus densiflora grows in the forest, whereas, 25 trees was cut down or died. There are signs of 25 stumps. The most of 565 trees' diameter at breast height(DBH) was centerized between 30 cm and 50 cm, moreover, the average life expectancy of trees were 85.4 years. The oldest age of tree was estimated to be 200 years. The Sample trees of rate of branch growth is from 4.3 cm to 5.1 cm per year. The middle branch which is more vigorous growth grow 24.2 cm for 3 years. Moreover, the result of soil physico-chemical properties analysis of 7 plots, 4 categories which is soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphoric acid, specific electrical conductance was generally good, however, the 2 categories which is soil pH, exchangeable cation needed improvement. Currently, the site was not pressured by facilities and usage, however, there might be threaten by agriculture such as encroaching on forest. Therefore, there should establish comprehensive ecosystem management such as facility management, visitors management and operation management In this paper considered 4 fields that is ecosystem management, facility management, visitors management and operation management for sustainable management.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.193-203
• /
• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical effects of ascending kidney water and descending heart fire pharmacopuncture treatment for hot flush and sweating. Methods : Ascending kidney water and descending heart fire pharmacopuncture is achieved by injecting pharmacopuncture on a specific acupoint to change from the state of water-fire disharmony to harmonious state. Hwangryunhaedok-tang (黃連解毒湯) pharmacopuncture is injected on both side Gyeonjeong (GB ₂₁ ), Pungji (GB ₂₀ ). Total 0.4 cc was injected by 0.1 cc each point. BUM (Bear’s gall bladder, ox bezoar and musk) pharmacopuncture is injected on both side Jeonjung (CV ₁₇ ), Jungwan (CV ₁₂ ), Gihae (CV ₆ ). Total 0.15 cc was injected by 0.05 cc each point. Treatment was done daily. The method of evaluation are Hot Flush Score (HFS), VAS and sweating areas. Results : In case 1, after treatment hot flush score was reduced from 24 to 4 points. VAS scale was reduced from 7 to 2. It took about two weeks for the symptoms to decrease by half. Associated symptoms almost did not stay at discharge. In case 2, after treatment hot flush score was reduced from 28 to 2 points. VAS scale was reduced from 10 to 3. And emotional symptoms were reduced about 70%. In case 3, after treatment hot flush score was reduced from 8 to 1 points. VAS scale was reduced from 6 to 1. And headache and chest discomfort symptoms have disappeared. Conclusions : Ascending kidney water and descending heart fire pharmacopuncture treatment is effective for improve ascending kidney water and descending heart fire energy. Therefore, it will be used to alleviate hot flush and sweating.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.209-217
• /
• 2002

Purpose : Corticosteroid has been used as the mainstay therapy of childhood NS. But SIO is one of the serious complications of long-term steroid therapy, especially in growing children. Recently calcium, calcitonin, PTH, vitamin D and bisphosphonate has been used to treat or prevent SIO in adult, which is rare in children with NS. We studied the effect of $1{\alpha}-(OH)D_3$ and Pamidronate on SIO using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Patients and methods : We studied thirty patients who admitted in the Dept. of Pediatrics of Kyung Hee Medical Hospital with NS. All patients was received longterm steroid therapy. There was no history of bone, liver, or endocrine disease. The samples, serum protein, albumin, BUN, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, and BMD were obtained before and the six months after the dose of $1{\alpha}-(OH)D_3$ and Pamidronate, respectively Results : The mean age was $6.9{\pm}3.3\;and\;6.5{\pm}2.5$ years old. The mean duration of steroid therapy was $28.8{\pm}1.8\;and\;27.6{\pm}1.0$ months. The changes of serum protein, albumin, BUN, creatinine, calcium and phosphorus level between pre-treatment and post-treatment did not show statistical significance in both $1{\alpha}-(OH)D_3$ and Pamidronate treatment group. However, BMD was increased in both from $0.472{\pm}0.12\;and\;0.457{\pm}0.10\;g/cm^2\;to\;0.533{\pm}0.12$ and $0.529{\pm}0.09\;g/cm^2$ after treatment. (P<0.05) Conclusion : Both $1{\alpha}-(OH)D_3$ and Pamidronate appears to be effective in treating and preventing SIO in children with nephrotic syndrome requiring long-term steroid therapy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.42 no.7
• /
• pp.631-638
• /
• 2009

This study was performed to examine the health risks according to the obesity types based upon body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) cutoffs. The subjects were 8,966 adults aged 40-79 years from the 1998, 2001 and 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. The subjects were classified into 4 types of obesity groups based on BMI and WC: BMIWC (BMI${\geq}$ 25 kg/$m^2$ and WC${\geq}$ 90 cm for males and ${\geq}$ 85 cm for females), WC (BMI < 25 kg/$m^2$ and ${\geq}$ 90 cm for males and ${\geq}$ 85 cm for females), BMI (BMI ${\geq}$ 25 kg/$m^2$ and < 90 cm for males and < 85 cm for females), normal (BMI < 25 kg/$m^2$ and < 90 cm for males and < 85 cm for females) groups. More than half (n = 5,103) of the subjects fell into the normal group and BMIWC group accounts for 58%, followed by BMI group of 27% and WC group of 16%. Mean ages of subjects were highest in WC group and lowest in BMI group. Blood levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and glucose, and blood pressures were higher and HDL-cholesterol was lower in 3 types of obesity groups (BMIWC, WC, BMI) than in the normal group. Among the 3 obesity groups, energy and fat intake was significantly higher in BMIWC than in normal group in males, however, no differences were found among the 4 groups in females. The three obesity groups had greater odds ratios for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia, hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and metabolic syndrome compared to the normal group. Among 3 obesity groups, BMIWC group had the highest odds ratios for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Especially BMIWC and WC groups showed the highest odds ratios for diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome, suggesting the potential role of abdominal obesity in diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Our data indicate that different types of obesity may show different degrees of health risks. The appropriate selection and use of obesity indexes may be effective for management of obesity as well as obesityrelated diseases.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.8
• /
• pp.1164-1172
• /
• 2011

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Trichoderma reesei derived phytase for pigs fed diets with fixed calcium to total phosphorus ratios (1.5:1). In Exp. 1, 280 weaned pigs (initial BW of $10.32{\pm}1.94$ kg) were allocated to one of five dietary treatments on the basis of weight and gender in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were the low phosphorus (0.6% Ca, 0.4% total P and 0.23% available P) diets supplemented with 0, 250, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU phytase/kg of diet and a positive control diet (PC; 0.85% Ca, 0.58% total P and 0.37% available P). The treatments were applied to seven pens with eight pigs per pen, half male and half female. In Exp. 2, six barrows fitted with ileal T-cannula (initial BW = $35.1{\pm}1.6$ kg) were assigned to three dietary treatments with a double $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. The dietary treatments were the low-phosphorus diet (0.53% Ca, 0.34% total P and 0.14% available P), the low phosphorus diet plus 1,000 FTU phytase/kg and a positive control diet (0.77% Ca, 0.50% total P and 0.30% available P). In Exp. 1, there were linear increases (p<0.01) in weight gain, phosphorus absorption, bone strength, calcium and phosphorus content of fat-free dried bone and plasma phosphorus concentrations with increasing dose rate of phytase. The performance of pigs fed the diets with 250, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU of phytase/kg did not differ from pigs fed the PC diet. Pigs fed diets with 1,000 or 2,000 FTU of phytase/kg did not differ from pigs fed the PC diet in bone characteristics. The apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ash and energy was not affected by dietary treatment. However, pigs fed the PC diet excreted more fecal phosphorus (g/d, p<0.01) and fecal phosphorus per BW gain (g/kg) than pigs fed the diets with phytase. Phytase linearly decreased (p<0.01) fecal phosphorus excreted per BW gain (g/kg), plasma calcium concentration as well as plasma and bone alkaline phosphatase activity. In Exp. 2, phytase supplementation in the low-P diet increased (p<0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Ca, P, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, alanine and cysteine, tended to AID of crude protein, isoleucine, threonine, asparagine and serine. In conclusion, the novel phytase originated from Trichoderma reesei is effective in releasing Ca, P, and amino acids from corn soy based diet for pigs.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.403-414
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of the modified distraction osteogenesis (DO) method with the concept of overdistraction and compression stimulation which have been previously suggested by the authors in 2002 and to explore the optimal distraction-compression ratio and appropriate latency period for the compression force application during consolidation. The experimental specimens were assessed with radiography, histologic findings, and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) after the conventional DO method and the modified DO technique had been applied on rat mandibles. Total 60 rats were used for the study. In experimental group of 54 adult rats, mandibular osteotomies between the first and second molar areas were performed and customized external distractors were applied. The surgeries on 6 rats of control group also were done with same osteotomy technique and DO device application. Final amount of distraction was set-up as 2 mm on both groups. But, in a experimental group of 54 rats, distraction osteogenesis with a compression force were performed with the different distraction-compression ratio and variant latency periods for compression. The three ratio-subgroups were made as distraction 4 mm group with compression 2 mm, distraction 3 mm group with compression 1 mm, and distraction 2.5 mm group with compression 0.5 mm. In addition, The three subgroups with 3, 7, 11 days latency period prior compression were allocated on each ratio-subgroups. Total 9 subgroups consisted of 6 rats on each subgroup. In control group of 6 rats, conventional distraction technique were routinely performed. The rats of control groups were sacrificed on postoperative 3, 6 weeks after 2 mm distraction. The rats in the experimental groups also were sacrificed on the same euthanasia days of control groups to compare the wound healing. Final available specimens were 55 rats except 5 due to osteomyelitis, device dislodgement. Distraction-compression combined group on 6 weeks generally had showed increased bone mineral density than the same period group of conventional distraction technique on the DEXA study. More matured lamellar bone state and extended trabecular pattern in the combined group than those of control group were also observed in the histologic findings on 6 weeks. In the distraction-compression combined groups, the bone density of 2.5 mm distraction subgroups with 0.5 mm compression showed the highest value on the DEXA study among various force ratio groups. In the distraction-compression combined groups, the bone density of 3 day latency period subgroups showed the highest value on the DEXA study among various latency period groups for the compression application. From this study, we could deduce that 1/5 force ratio for the compression versus distraction, 3 day latency period prior compression application would be the most effective condition if modified distraction osteogenesis technique might be applicable. The modified DO method with a compression force may improve the quality of bone regenerate and shorten total treatment period in comparison with conventional DO technique clinically.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.271-277
• /
• 2008

The biofilm of white-rot fungi fully exposed in atmosphere are that operation is easy, management cost and energy waste is low. To develop biofilm of white-rot fungi fully exposed in atmosphere, basic test are as follows. To select most effective microoganism species, investigated treatment characteristics of wastewater containing non-biodegradable material for three species of white-rot fungi(Phanerochaete chrysosporium PSBL-1, Phanerochaete chrysosporium KCTC 6147, Trametes sp. KFCC 10941) and activated sludge. And then investigated attached and detached biomass of selected white-rot fungi species on HBC ring surface. Among the three strains tested, P. chrysosporium PSBL-1 and P. chrysosporium KCTC 6147 showed higher efficiency for organics removal than Trametes sp. KFCC 10941, and P. chrysosporium PSBL-1 showed higher efficiency for nitrogen removal than P. chrysosporium KCTC 6147 and Trametes sp. KFCC 10941. Respectively, 51$\sim$59.8%, 57.5$\sim$60.3% of NBDCOD was removed for P. chrysosporium PSBL-1 and P. chrysosporium 6147 in pH 3.5$\sim$5.5. TN removal efficiency showed 39.3$\sim$85.3%, 3.4$\sim$7.6% for P. chrysosporium PSBL-1 and P. chrysosporium 6147 in pH 4.5$\sim$11.5 respectively. Considered that white-rot fungi remove organism and nitrogen simultaneously, the microorganism selected white-rot fungi P. chrysosporium PSBL-1. White-rot fungi P. chrysosporium PSBL-1 attached on HBC ring surface 4,538 mg/L, 4,546 mg/L, 4,531 mg/L after 5 minutes, 4,575 mg/L, 4,573 mg/L, 4,568 mg/L after 10 minutes from initial MLSS 4,600 mg/L in pH 4, 7 and 10 respectively. Also detached biomass is negligible from right after attachment to 10 day in pH 4, 7 and 10.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.49 no.5
• /
• pp.381-388
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study is to integrate and visualize using mapping techniques based on precise seabed geomorphology, seafloor backscattering images and high-resolution underwater images of the nearshore area around the Dokdo, in the East Sea. We have been obtained the precise topography map using multibeam echosounder system around the nearshore area(~50 m) of the southern part of the Seodo. Side scan sonar survey for analysis seafloor backscattering images was carried out in the same area of topography data. High-resolution underwater images(zone(a), zone(b), zone(c)) were taken in significant habitat scope of the nearshore area of the southern part of the Seodo. Using the results of bathymetry, seafloor backscattering images, high-resolution underwater images, we performed an integrated visualization about the nearshore area of the Dokdo. The integrated visualizing techniques are possible to make the seabed characteristic mapping results of the nearshore area of the Dokdo. The integrated visualization results present more complex and reliable information than separate geological products for seabed environmental mapping study and it is useful to understand the relation between seafloor characteristics and topographic environments of the study area. The integrated visualizing techniques and mapping analysis need to study sustainably and periodically, for effective monitoring of the nearshore ecosystem of the Dokdo.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.387-396
• /
• 2003

This experiment was carried out to compare the effects of feeding commercial formula feed and rice straw separately (control) versus a total mixed ration (TMR) on productivity of Hanwoo steers in late stage of fattening and on ruminal fermentation characteristics and digestibilities. Ruminal digesta from the cannulated cattle were sampled at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 hour after feeding. The steers fed TMR consumed 7.4kg per day and there was no difference between feeding systems. Daily weight gain was not significantly (P>0.05) between feeding systems, however, TMR group showed lower daily gain than control group. The amount of feed consumption per kg weight gain was higher in TMR group than control group (10.5kg and 9.7kg, respectively), resulting in a greater efficiency of feed utilization for gain. In the result of appearance rates of quality grade A were 33% higher for TMR group than those in control group. Appearance rates of grade 1 showed 56% and 75% when fed the control and TMR, respectively. Digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber and gross energy for TMR treatment were significantly higher (P<0.01) than those of control. Prior to feeding (0 h) and each subsequent hour, the TMR resulted in higher rumen pH (P<0.05) when compared with control ration. The concentration of NH3-N for TMR treatment maintained at higher level up to 8hr after feeding, especially increased up to 28.2mg/$d\ell$ during 1-2 hour which was two times (P<0.05) more than control. The amount of total VFA showed same trends between feeding systems. However, the ratios of branched chained fatty acid such as iso-butyric acid and iso-valeric acid for TMR treatment were significantly(P<0.01) higher than control for 3-5hr. Results showed that TMR in these trials is effective feeding system for fattening Hanwoo steers in the respect of ruminal characteristics, total tract digestibility and productivities.