• IE interfaces
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.353-362
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• 2007

This paper proposed the calculation method of the avoided cost for natural gas and district heating DSM programs. And the proposed method is applied to real DSM programs. The avoided cost for natural gas consists of commodity avoided cost, supply equipment avoided cost, storage equipment avoided cost, and electric power avoided cost. In case of the district heating, avoided cost consists of heat generation equipment avoided cost, heat energy avoided cost, environment avoided cost, and electric power avoided cost. This method can be used to evaluate the benefit of DSM programs quantitatively in cost. Therefore, this method can contribute to make the cost-effectiveness evaluation system and to operate the DSM programs for natural gas and district heating effectively.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.311-318
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• 2009

In previous study, a new allocation methodology of common cost on multi-product have been suggested. The aim of this study is to suggest the methodology that allocates an environment pollution cost including carbon emission cost to each cost of multi-product. For this study, a supposed multi-energy system composed of twenty kinds of systems was made. The multi-energy system produces eighteen kinds of outputs that are electricity, steam, hot water, chilled water, ice, warm air, and cooling air from seven kinds of energy source that are LNG, coil, geothermal energy, sun heat, hydrogen, bio-mass, and waste. The new methodology was applied to the multi-energy system in order to allocate the environment pollution cost to each production cost, and twenty seven equations were induced. From this result, it is concluded that this methodology can estimate each unit cost and allocate each cost flow in any product of any energy system.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.96-105
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• 2013

This study aims to investigate the energy performance of apartment in respect of complex design, building type and generation house layout and finally to produce the guide line for energy saving design. To grasp the present condition and problem about this subject, apartment building types were examined and representative types were extracted. Considering azimuth angle, private area, and generation number, building type of the subject apartment was classified in detail, energy simulation was conducted, and the effect to energy cost was compared. In the research, using VE energy simulation program, the heating and cooling load were calculated and converted to energy cost. It is expected that this analysed results will be basic data for the more integrated study. Research consequence can be summarized as follow: 1) Energy cost is compared according to several azimuth in plank '一' type apartment. As the results, calculated gas cost is the best in $49^{\circ}$, but total cost is in $-31^{\circ}$. 2) Apartment buildings of tower types are compared, it is resulted that 'Y' type (azimuth $-7^{\circ}$, $-20^{\circ}$) is the best in gas cost, but the total cost is worst because of high cooling load.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.611-628
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine influence of home energy cost on housing cost burden of Korean and U.S. monthly renter households in urban areas and to explore influences of household and housing characteristics on their home energy cost burden. Microdata for this research was extracted from the 2011 Korean Household Budget Survey and 2009 American Housing Survey. Monthly renter households in urban areas were initially grouped based on household income, followed by a detailed analysis of housing and home energy cost. Findings are as follows: (1) The maximum ratio of home energy cost to household house hold income in Korea was 49% compared to 83% in the US; (2) Energy cost to income ratio were found to have significant influences on housing cost burden and lower income households' housing cost burden was found more vulnerable to their energy cost; (3) In general, the energy cost burden of low-income renter households in Korea tended to be influenced by household size, the number of household members staying at home during daytime hours and housing unit size. The energy cost burden of low-income renter households in the U.S. tended to be influenced by home structure type, size and age, the householder's age, race, educational attainment, the household size, number of wage earners per household, income, and the number of household members between 7 and 17 years of age.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.29-38
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• 2012

The current building energy efficiency rating certification regulation on apartment houses evaluates only the saving rate of energy consumed during operation, i.e. use, of a building, but doesn't consider the energy consumptions and environmental load($CO_2$) emissions occurring during the whole lifetime of a building. So this study calculated the energy consumptions and environmental load emissions occurring during the whole lifetime of a building, selected reference schemes and alternative items by design variables to present a design draft considering energy efficiency and environmental performance, and evaluated the total cost by combining and calculating its direct cost(material and heating cost) and indirect cost(environmental cost), for an existing apartment house as an evaluation object. As a result of analysis, the change of heating cost by alternative items of design variables showed a 4~8% change rate compared to the reference scheme, and the material cost of design variable 7 showed a maximum 4.4 times change rate in the alternative plan 6 compared to the reference scheme. The environmental cost showed a similar change rate to the material cost change rate in general, but showed a similar environmental cost change rate to the heating cost change rate in case of design variables 4-1, 4-2, 7.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 2020

In the past few decades, the global population growth and rapid economic development have resulted in significant increases in building energy consumption. To reduce greenhouse-gas emissions and building energy consumption, building materials and energy technologies must be optimized. Building retrofitting is a more efficient method than reconstruction to improve the building energy performance. In order to improve the energy performance of existing buildings, this study proposed energy-efficiency retrofit plans and derived cost-effective retrofit plan. The energy efficient retrofit method is achieved through the packaging of energy technology and the energy and cost reduction effect of the energy efficiency retrofit package are analyzed. As a result of the study, the energy-efficiency retrofit package showed an energy reduction effect of up to 60% or more and a construction cost reduction of about 30%. This study argues that optimal energy and construction cost reduction of existing buildings are possible through the packaging of energy efficiency technology.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.136.2-136.2
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• 2011

In this work, we analyzed correlations between life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and life-cycle cost of energy resources. Energy resources studied in this paper include coal, natural gas, nuclear power, hydropower, geothermal energy, wind power, solar thermal energy, and solar photovoltaic energy, and all of them are used to generate electricity. We calculated the mean values, ranges of maximum minus minimum values, and ranges of 90% confidence interval of life-cycle GHG emissions and life-cycle cost of each energy resource. Based on the values, we plotted them in two dimensional graphs to analyze a relationship and characteristics between GHG emissions and cost. Besides, to analyze the technical maturity, the GHG emissions and the range of minimum and maximum values were compared to each other. For the electric generation, energy resources are largely inverse proportional to the GHG emission and the corresponding cost.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.47-68
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• 2016

A well designed hybrid power system (HPS) can deliver electrical energy in a cost effective way. In this paper, model for HPS consisting of photo voltaic (PV) module and wind mill as renewable energy sources (RES) and solar lead acid battery as storage device connected to unidirectional grid is developed for peak demand reduction. Life time energy cost of the system is evaluated. One year hourly site condition and load pattern are taken into account for analysing the HPS. The optimal HPS is determined for least life time energy cost subject to the constraints like state of charge of the battery bank, dump load, renewable energy (RE) generation etc. Optimal solutions are also found out individually for PV module and wind mill. These three systems are compared to find out the most feasible combination. The results show that the HPS can deliver energy in an acceptable cost with reduced peak consumption from the grid. The proposed optimization algorithm is suitable for determining optimal HPS for desired location and load with least energy cost.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.164-173
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• 2015

This study aims to design energy supply systems from various energy sources for transportation sectors and comparatively analyze the life cycle cost of different scenario-based systems. For components of the proposed energy supply system, we consider a typical oil refinery, byproduct hydrogen system, renewable energy source (RES)-based electric generation system and existing electricity grid. We also include three types of vehicles in transportation sector such as internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV), electric vehicle (EV), fuel cell vehicle (FCV). We then develop various energy supply scenarios which consist of such components and evaluate the economic performance of different systems from the viewpoint of life cycle cost. Finally we illustrate the applicability of the proposed framework by conducting the design problem of energy supply systems of Jeju, Korea. As the results of life cycle cost analysis, EV fueled by electricity from grid is the most economically feasible. In addition, we identify key parameters to contribute the total life cycle cost such as fuel cost, vehicle cost, infra cost and maintenance cost using sensitivity analysis.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.63 no.9
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• pp.1199-1205
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• 2014

A power system configuration has been increasingly advanced with a number of generating units. In particular, renewable energy resources are widely introduced due to the environmental issues. When applying the renewable energy sources with the ESS (Energy Storage System), the ESS is the role of a potential generating resource in the power system while mitigating the output volatility of renewable energy resources. Thus, for applications of the ESS, the surrounding environment of it should be considered, which means that capacity and energy of the ESS can be affected. Moreover, operation strategy of the ESS should be proposed according to the installation purpose as well as the surrounding environment. In the paper, operation strategy of the ESS is proposed considering load demand and the output of renewable energy resources on a hourly basis. Then, the cost of electrical energy is minimized based on the economic model that consists of capital cost, operation cost, fuel cost, and grid cost for a year. It is sure that peak-shaving effects can be achieved while satisfying the minimum cost of electrical energy.