• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 1996년도 International Conference on Agricultural Machinery Engineering Proceedings
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• pp.701-710
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• 1996

Composting has gained rapid acceptance as a method of recyling relatively dry organic materials such as leaves and brush and , when alternative disposal costs are high, even moist materials such as grass clippings and dewatered sewage sludges. However, as moisture contents rise above 60% , the need for a dry bulking amendment increase the costs of composting , both by direct purchases of amendment and though increased reactor capacity and materials handling requirements. High moisture materials also present increased risks of anaerobic odor formation through reduced oxygen transport (Miller , 1991) . These costs and operational challengers often constrain the opportunities to compost high moisture materials such as agricultural manures. During the last several decades economies of scale in livestock production have been increasing livestock densities and creating manure management challenges throughout the world. This issue is particularly pressing in Korea, where livestock arms typically manage little or no cropland, and the nutrients and boichemical oxygen demand in manure pose a serious threat to water quality. Composting has recently become popular as a means of recycling manure into products for sale off the farm, but bulking amendments (usually sawdust) are expensive designed to minimize bulking agent requirements by using the energy liberated by decompostion. In this context the composting reactor is used as a biological dryer, allowing the repeated use of bulking amendment with several batches of manure.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1215-1221
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• 2007

Three Holstein steers fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were fed grass silage-based diets supplemented with potato pulp silage as a substitute for rolled corn at levels of 0%, 50% and 100% on a DM basis in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design to investigate the effect of potato pulp silage on nitrogen (N) utilization in ruminants. Organic matter (OM) intake, and rumen and total tract digestibilities did not differ among treatment diets. Rumen and post-rumen starch digestibilities were similar among treatments, although starch intake decreased (p<0.01) with potato pulp supplementation. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in ruminal N utilization and non-ammonia N supply to the duodenum of steers fed grass silage supplemented with potato pulp silage as a substitute for rolled corn. There were no treatment differences (p>0.05) in rumen pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration or the molar percentages of acetate and propionate. The ammonia-N concentration in rumen fluid tended to decrease (p<0.1) when rolled corn was substituted with potato pulp silage. Ether extract intake and post-ruminal digestibility significantly (p<0.01) decreased in steers fed diets containing potato pulp silage. Concentrations of total cholesterol and phospholipids in serum markedly decreased (p<0.01) with potato pulp silage supplementation without adversely affecting liver function. These data suggested that potato pulp silage has a similar value as rolled corn as an energy source for rumen microorganisms.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.1585-1590
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• 2002

Thirty female goats of local breed (mature weight 28 kg), weighing 11 to 18 kg, were used in a growth experiment with the objectives to evaluate the effect of different levels of Gliricidia sepium leaves in a diet of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) on feed intake, weight gain and apparent digestibility. The goats were allotted to five treatments, consisting of 5 levels, 0 (GL-0), 20 (GL-20), 30 (GL-30), 40 (GL-40) and 50% (GL-50) of Gliricidia sepium leaves in the diet based on the energy requirements of the goats. Another six female goats were used to study the digestibility of three dietary treatments, GL-0, GL-30 and GL-50, according to a double $3{\times}3$ Latin square arrangement. The crude protein (CP) content in Gliricidia was higher and the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) lower than in the Guinea grass. Increasing the amount of Gliricidia leaves resulted in similar intake of total dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), NDF and ADF among treatments, but CP intake increased with increasing Gliricidia in the diet. The highest total DM intake was 3.0% of body weight in the GL-20 diet. The highest daily live weight gain was 43 g/day in the GL-30 diet. Inclusion of 30% of Gliricidia leaves improved the apparent DM, OM and CP digestibility compared to 0% or 50% inclusion. NDF and ADF digestibility declined with increasing levels of Gliricidia leaves in the diet.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.235-243
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to prepare and evaluate a natural material extracted from germinated brown rice (GBR). Herein, we evaluated whether the natural material could positively activate the biological effects seen during bone formation, including enhancement of metabolic activity, osteogenesis, and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the growth factors in human osteoblast-like cells. Methods: The natural material was created by a hot water extraction process after being soaked for 2~3 days in tap water and dried at $50^{\circ}C$. The material was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The biological behaviors of the material were also investigated; we performed tests to assess cell cytotoxicity, metabolic activity, osteogenic markers related to bone formation, and VEGF. Results: The EDX, XRD, and FTIR results for the natural material indicated the presence of organic compounds. The natural material caused positive increases in cell metabolic activity and mineralized bone formation without cytotoxicity. The protein levels in the extract for the $6.25{\mu}g/mL$, $12.25{\mu}g/mL$, $25{\mu}g/mL$, $50{\mu}g/mL$, and $100{\mu}g/mL$ groups were significantly different from that for the control. Conclusions: The GBR-based natural material was easy to prepare and had characteristics of a potential biomaterial. The biocompatibility of this natural material was evaluated using in vitro techniques; our findings indicate that this novel material is promising for agricultural and biological applications.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.417-425
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• 2024

This study investigated the effects of various planting models on the joint cultivation of eggplant (Solanum melongena) and marigold (Tagetes erecta)to enhance sustainable rooftop urban farming. Rooftop agriculture is increasingly valued to boost the food supply and benefit the environment. Integrating such practices into urban planning is viewed as a way to sustainably manage resources and improve the food-energy-water cycle in cities. The experiment was conducted on a rooftop in Chungju, South Korea from May to August. Four different planting setups were used: central eggplant with peripheral marigold (SET), eggplant with a protective net (SIC), central marigold with peripheral eggplant (TES), and control with only eggplant (CON S). These models tested the effects of companion planting versus monoculture using a lightweight soil mix ideal for rooftops made from cocopeat and perlite and enriched with organic fertilizer. Measurements focused on soil conditions and plant health and assessed soil temperature, moisture, conductivity, plant height, width, and leaf size. The results indicated that the SET modelyielded the best growth. This setup benefited from marigold pest control properties and its ability to improve soil conditions by enhancing moisture and nutrient levels and aiding eggplant growth. These findings underscore the potential of mixed planting on rooftops and suggest that such approaches can be effectively incorporated into urban agriculture to boost yield and environmental sustainability. This study supports the idea that diverse planting methods can significantly affect plant growth and promote urban greening and food security.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1249-1254
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of maturity stage on the nutritive value of wild mustard straw in terms of chemical composition, in situ, in vitro dry matter degradability and calculated ME. The nutritive values of wild mustard, Sinapsis arvensis hays harvested at three stages were evaluated by chemical composition, in vitro gas production and in situ dry matter degradation methods. Gas production or dry matter (DM) degradation were determined at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h and their kinetics were described using the equation p = a+b(1-e$^{-ct}$). Maturity had a significant effect on both the chemical composition and degradability of wild mustard. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) (p<0.001) increased with increasing maturity whereas the crude protein (CP) (p<0.001) decreased. The gas produced after 96 h incubation ranged between 64.7 and 81.5 ml per 0.200 g of dry matter. The gas production (ml) at all incubation times and estimated parameters decreased with increasing maturity of wild mustard. The gas production at all incubation times and estimated parameters (a, b (a+b), metabolizable energy (ME) and organic matter digestibility (OMD)) were negatively correlated with NDF and ADF. The DM disappearance after 96 h incubation ranged between 50.8 and 76.1%. The in situ DM disappearance at all incubation times and estimated parameters decreased with increasing maturity of wild mustard. The in situ dry matter disappearance at all incubation times and some estimated parameters (c, a, b and effective dry matter degradability (EDMD)) were negatively correlated with NDF and ADF but positively correlated with CP. The nutritive value of wild mustard continually changed as it matured. Wild mustard, harvested at the proper stage of maturity offers considerable potential as a high quality forage for ruminants during the winter feeding period. The present study showed that if higher quality forage is an objective, wild mustard should be harvested at the early flowering stage.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.260-267
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• 2013

본 연구는 고추재배시험 기간 동안 축분퇴비의 시용량과 비닐멀칭 유무에 따른 토양 유기탄소의 함량 변화와 토양 탄소의 안정화 정도를 조사하기 위해 실시되어졌다. 고추재배기간 동안 퇴비의 시용과 비닐멀칭 처리에 따라 토양 내 유기탄소 함량의 유의한 증가는 발견되어지지 않았다. 또한 퇴비시용과 비닐멀칭 처리에 의한 토양의 물리적 특성 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 본 연구의 짧은 조사기간과 관련이 있는 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 퇴비의 시용에 의해 쉽게 분해 가능한 형태인 열수추출 가능한 탄소의 함량은 유의하게 감소하는 결과를 나타내었다. 추천량인 20 Mg/ha의 퇴비를 시용하였을 때 지하부의 바이오매스 함량이 최대를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 미루어 볼 때 장기적으로 추천량의 퇴비를 지속적으로 시용한다면 토양 유기탄소의 함량 증대와 안정화 정도를 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.748-754
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• 2010

Soil Taxonomy의 새로운 Andisols목 토양의 분류체계에서 토양유기물 함량과 Ammonium oxalate 추출 Al함량과 Fe의 1/2함량의 합은 중요한 기준이다. 제주도는 토양생성환경이 다양하여 Andisols 토양을 포함하여 다양한 토양이 분포하고 있다. 이 논문은 제주도 토양을 대상으로 기후, 식생, 지형 등 여러 가지 환경변수들을 이용하여 토양유기물과 $Al_o+1/2Fe_o$의 함량을 추정할 수 있는 모형을 개발하고, 이를 이용하여 토양특성지도를 제작하기 위하여 수행하였다. 조사대상 지역의 321 지점에서 토양을 채취하여 토양유기물과 $Al_o+1/2Fe_o$ 함량을 분석하고, 각 토양시료 채취지점의 온도, 강우, 순일차생산량, 일사량, 증발산량, 해발고도, 토양생성에너지, 지형습윤지수, 주변과의 고도차, 해안과 정상으로부터의 거리 등의 환경변수들을 환경변수 지도를 제작하여 추출하였다. 여러 환경변수 간에는 서로 상관관계가 높게 나타나는 다중공선성을 나타내었으며, 이를 주성분분석에 의한 변수 변환으로 제거하였다. 주성분분석 결과를 바탕으로 변환된 변수들은 산악효과, 식생효과, 복잡 효과 등 3개의 주성분으로 축소할 수 있었고, 이 3개의 변수를 이용하여 토양유기물과 $Al_o+1/2Fe_o$ 함량을 예측할 수 있는 다중회귀모형을 구하였다. 이 모형들은 전체 토양유기물 변이의 52%와 전체 $Al_o+1/2Fe_o$ 변이의 37%를 설명할 수 있었다. 모형을 이용하여 제작된 토양유기물 지도는 토양도를 바탕으로 한 토양유기물 지도와 전체적인 형태에서 매우 유사한 형태를 나타내었다. 따라서 환경요인은 제주도 토양의 분포에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단되었고, 정량화할 수 있는 환경요인을 이용하여 토양특성지도를 제작할 수 있음을 구명하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.130-136
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• 2011

Methane is known to be one of the major greenhouse gases. On a global scale, livestock farming may contribute 18% of total greenhouse gas emissions. Though methane contribution is less than 2% of all the factors leading to global warming, it plays an important role because it is 21 times more effective than carbon dioxide. Methane emission is a direct result of the fermentation process performed by ruminal microorganisms and, in particular, the archael methanogens. Reducing methane emission would benefit both ruminant production and the environment. Methane generation can be reduced by electron-sink metabolic pathways to dispose of the reducing moieties. An alternative way for methane control in the rumen is to apply inhibitors against methanogens. Generating methane from manure has considerable merit because it appears to offer at least a partial solution to two pressing problems-environmental crisis and energy shortage. An obvious benefit from methane production is the energy value of the gas itself. Control of methane emission by rumen microbes in Korea has mainly been focused on application of various chemicals, such as BES and PMDI, that inhibit the growth and activity of methanogens in the rumen. Alternatives were to apply long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and oils with or without organic acids (malate and fumarate). The results for trials with methane reducing agents and the situation of biogas production industries and a typical biogas plant in Korea will be introduced here.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1518-1523
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• 2004

This study was conducted to evaluate nutritive value of forages commonly used as ruminant feeds in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Seven species of grasses and five species of legumes were collected during the rainy season. The results showed that chemical composition, in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD) and crude protein (CPD), in vitro gas production and metabolizable energy (ME) content greatly varied among the species of grass and legume forages. The CP content ranged from 6.6 to 16.2% in grass and from 17.5 to 29.1% in legumes; while NDF content of grass and legume ranged from 57.2 to 66.2% and from 24.4 to 55.6%, respectively. The DMD, OMD and CPD of grass ranged from 49.1 to 62.2%, 51.9 to 64.4% and 50.5 to 60.3%; while in legumes the values ranged from 59.1 to 71.8%, 65.2 to 72.0% and 68.2 to 71.6%, respectively. The ME content of grass varied from 6.4 to 9.3 MJ/kg and from 6.5 to 8.3 MJ/kg for legumes. In general, within species of grass Cynodon plectostachyus contained higher CP but was lower in NDF that resulted in much higher digestibility; a similar result was also found in Leucaena leucocephala for the legumes. The two forages also contained much higher ME than the others. In conclusion, the nutritive value of forages in North Sumatra, Indonesia during the rainy season was relatively high as ruminant feed, with the best quality noted for Cynodon plectostachyus and Leucaena leucocephala.