• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.825-833
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• 2002

The effects of dietary supplementation of Eleutherococcus senticosus, taurine and carnitine on maximal endurance exercise performance along with other related parameters were evaluated in rats that underwent aerobic exercise training for 6 weeks. Thirty-two male rats (4 weeks old) were randomly divided into 4 groups, and fed experimental diets and/or aerobic exercise trained according to the protocol: SC (sedentary control group), EC (exercise-trained control group), EE (exercise-trained Eleutherococcus senticosus-supplemented group), and EETC (exercise-trained Eleutherococcus senticosus, taurine and carnitine-supplemented group). The food efficiency ratio of EC rats was significantly lower than the value for SC rats (p < 0.01). Exercise-trained control animals (92 $\pm$ 8.8 min) could run significantly longer until exhausted on the treadmill than sedentary control rats (11 $\pm$ 0.8 min) (p < 0.001). Animals fed an Eleutherococcus senticosus-supplemented diet, and an Eleuthherococcus sonticosus, taurine and carnitine- supplemented diet while undergoing aerobic exercise training for 6 weeks exhibited, respectively, 8 and 5 minutes longer running performance until exhausted than the rats fed the control diet. The gastrocnemius muscle glycogen concentration of the rats, measured at 48 hours post maximal exercise performance test, was 43% higher in EC rats than the value for SC rats (p < 0.05), but was not different among EC, EE, and EETC rats. The mitochondrial citrate synthase activity of the soleus muscle was significantly higher in EC rats compared to the value for SC rats (p < 0.01), and showed a tendency to increase, without statistical significance, in EE or EETC rats compared to the value for EC rats. These results indicate that aerobic exercise training for 6 weeks significantly improved maximal exercise performance, muscle glycogen content along with citrate synthase activity, which are important in the energy metabolism of muscle under aerobic exercise. Dietary supplementation of Eleutherococcus senticosus in rats while undergoing aerobic exercise training improved maximal endurance exercise performance without significantly affecting muscle glycogen content and enzyme activities involved in energy metabolism during exercise. Taurine and carnitine supplementation failed to show an additive effect on maximal endurance exercise performance when consumed along with Eleutherococcus senticosus.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.557-562
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• 2009

We examined the effects of the NADPH oxidase p22phox C242T polymorphism on endurance exercise performance and oxidative DNA damage in response to acute and chronic exercises. One hundred three subjects were recruited, among which 26 healthy subjects (CC: 12, TC: 12, and TT: 2) were studied during rest, exercise at 85% $VO_2max$, and recovery before and after 8 weeks of treadmill running. Lymphocyte DNA damage increased significantly in response to exercise (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in plasma MDA, SOD concentrations and lymphocyte DNA damage between CC genotype and T allele group, but significant endurance training differences were observed. Endurance training increased exercise time to exhaustion in both the CC genotype and T allele groups (p < 0.05) but no significant difference was found between groups. The results of the current study with young, healthy, Korean men are interpreted to mean that 1) the majority had the CC genotype of the NADPH oxidase p22phox C242T polymorphism (82.5%: CC, 15.5%: TC, 1.9%: TT), 2) acute exercise increased lymphocyte DNA damage, 3) endurance training significantly increased exercise time to exhaustion, and alleviated lymphocyte DNA damage, and 4) The NADPH oxidase p22phox C242T polymorphism, however, did not alter lymphocyte DNA damage or exercise performance at rest, immediately after exercise, or during recovery.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.57-63
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• 2011

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to investigate the effectiveness of Pilates exercise on Fitness Factors related to motor performance including flexibility, agility, power, balance, and muscle endurance. Methods: Forty subjects were randomly allocated to one of two groups. The Pilates group did Pilates exercises 3 times a week for 8weeks, 60 minutes each time, and submitted to evaluation of protocols to assess sitting and reaching tests, a standing broad jump test, a side step test, a balance test using a Biodex Stability System, and muscle endurance using CSMI. Results: The Pilates group (n=20) participated in Pilates exercises three times in a week for eight weeks. The results show significant post-test differences in the Pilates group in the following areas: flexibility, agility, power, balance and muscle endurance. There was no significant increase in the control group. Post-exercise, there was no significant difference between the Pilates and control group. Conclusion: The Pilates method can offer significant improvement in personal flexibility, agility, power, balance, and muscle endurance. This study suggests that individuals can improve their Fitness Factors related to motor performance using Pilates exercises that do not require equipment or a high degree of skill. Further study is required to quantify the benefits of Pilates exercise.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2012

Purpose : This study purposed to analyze how dynamic stabilization exercise on an unstable surface, and static stabilization exercise on muscle strength and endurance. Methods : For this study we sampled 9 people for the unstable surface dynamic stabilization exercise group, 9 for the stable surface static stabilization exercise group, and 9 for the control group. In order to examine muscle strength and endurance, we measured changes in the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) using a dynamometer before, 3 weeks after, and 6 weeks after the experiment. Results : First, with regard to change in muscle strength, flexion strength showed a significant change in interaction by time (p<0.05). Extension strength showed a significant change in interaction by time (p<0.05). Second, with regard to change in endurance, flexion endurance showed a significant change in interaction by time (p<0.05). Extension endurance showed a significant change in interaction by time (p<0.05). Conclusion : In conclusion, this study confirmed significant changes in interaction between the groups and by time with regard to changes in muscle strength and endurance. These results suggest the potential of surface dynamic stabilization exercise as a clinical intervention.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.15-19
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• 2021

[Purpose] Skeletal muscle glycogen is a determinant of endurance capacity for some athletes. Ginger is well known to possess nutritional effects, such as anti-diabetic effects. We hypothesized that ginger extract (GE) ingestion increases skeletal muscle glycogen by enhancing fat oxidation. Thus, we investigated the effect of GE ingestion on exercise capacity, skeletal muscle glycogen, and certain blood metabolites in exercised rats. [Methods] First, we evaluated the influence of GE ingestion on body weight and elevation of exercise performance in rats fed with different volumes of GE. Next, we measured the skeletal muscle glycogen content and free fatty acid (FFA) levels in GE-fed rats. Finally, we demonstrated that GE ingestion contributes to endurance capacity during intermittent exercise to exhaustion. [Results] We confirmed that GE ingestion increased exercise performance (p<0.05) and elevated the skeletal muscle glycogen content compared to the nonGE-fed (CE, control exercise) group before exercise (Soleus: p<0.01, Plantaris: p<0.01, Gastrocnemius: p<0.05). Blood FFA levels in the GE group were significantly higher than those in the CE group after exercise (p<0.05). Moreover, we demonstrated that exercise capacity was maintained in the CE group during intermittent exercise (p<0.05). [Conclusion] These findings indicate that GE ingestion increases skeletal muscle glycogen content and exercise performance through the upregulation of fat oxidation.

• BMB Reports
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.353-358
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• 2023

In the present study, to determine the efficacy of oral supplementation of ginseng berry extracts in augmenting exercise performance and exercise-associated metabolism, male mice were given orally 200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight (BW) of GBC for nine weeks. Although there are no differences in pre-exercise blood lactate levels among (1) the control group that received neither exercise nor GBC, (2) the group that performed only twice-weekly endurance exercise, and (3) and (4) the groups that combined twice-weekly endurance exercise with either 200 or 400 mg/kg GBC, statistically significant reductions in post-exercise blood lactate levels were observed in the groups that combined twice-weekly endurance exercise with oral administration of either 200 or 400 mg/kg GBC. Histological analysis showed no muscle hypertrophy, but transcriptome analysis revealed changes in gene sets related to lactate metabolism and mitochondrial function. GBC intake increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels in the gastrocnemius, possibly enhancing the mitochondrial electron transport system and lactate metabolism. Further molecular mechanisms are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.101-113
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• 2021

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences and correlation between body composition, exercise performance, and behavior based on playing football in childhood. METHODS: 16 subjects who played football in childhood participated in the study. Body composition and exercise performance were measured, and problem behavior was assessed for each of them. All subjects were asked to play football 50 min/day, one day/week for 8-weeks. RESULTS: Muscle mass, muscular strength, balance, and cardiopulmonary endurance, anxiety depression, atrophy depression, attention problems, rule violations, DSM somatization problems, DSM rebellious behavior problems, and sociality significantly increased after 8-weeks. There was a negative (-) correlation between anxiety depression and atrophy depression, and DSM somatization problem and muscular strength, attention problem and balance, and rule violation and cardiopulmonary endurance, after playing football. CONCLUSION: These results confirmed that playing football in childhood had a positive effect on body composition, and that exercise performance and problem behavior were related.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.37.2-37.2
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• 2008

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.361-369
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• 2017

Mitochondrial homeostasis is tightly regulated by two major processes: mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial degradation by autophagy (mitophagy). Research in mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle in response to endurance exercise training has been well established, while the mechanisms regulating mitophagy and the relationship between mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation following endurance exercise training are not yet well defined. Studies have demonstrated that endurance exercise training increases the expression levels of mitochondrial biogenesis-, dynamics-, mitophagy-related genes in skeletal muscle. However, the increased levels of mitochondrial biogenesis marker proteins such as Cox IV and citrate synthase, by endurance exercise training were abolished when autophagy/mitophagy was inhibited in skeletal muscle. This suggests that both autophagy/mitophagy plays an important role in mitochondrial biogenesis/homeostasis and the coordination between the opposing processes may be important for skeletal muscle adaptation to endurance exercise training to improve metabolic function and endurance exercise performance. It is considered that endurance exercise training regulates each of these processes, mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion and fission events and autophagy/mitophagy, ensuring a relatively constant mitochondrial population. Exercise training may also have contributed to mitochondrial quality control which replaces old and/or unhealthy mitochondria with new and/or healthy ones in skeletal muscle. In this review paper, the molecular mechanisms regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy and the coordination between the opposing processes is involved in the cellular adaptation to endurance exercise training in skeletal muscle will be discussed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.711-719
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• 2003

The effects of taurine, carnitine or glutamine supplementation on endurance exercise performance along with related fatigue factors were evaluated in male college students in the Department of Physical Education, who's maximal oxygen consumption rates (VO$_2$max) were equivalent to those of endurance athletes. Twenty four subjects were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=6), and given placebo, taurine (4 g/day), carnitine (4 g/day), or glutamine (4 g/day) tablets for 2 weeks. Subjects could run 6.9 min or 9.0 min longer until exhausted on a treadmill at the intensity of 75% VO$_2$max following taurine or camitine supplementation for 2 weeks, respectively, compared to the value measured prior to each supplementation. Glutamine or placebo supplementation did not improve the endurance exercise performance based on the running time until exhausted on a treadmill. Serum lactate concentrations measured 1 hr after the initiation of the endurance exercise, as well as at all-out state tended to be decreased by taurine, carnitine, or glutamine supplementation, and were significantly lowered (43% decrease) by carnitine supplementation (p < 0.05). Taurine supplementation significantly reduced the serum inorganic phosphorus concentration measured at all-out state (14% decrease, p < 0.05), while carnitine supplementation significantly lowered the resting state serum inorganic phosphorus level (20% decrease, p < 0.05). Taurine (32% reduction) or carnitine (23% reduction) supplementation significantly decreased serum ammonia concentration measured at all-out state (p < 0.05). From these results, 4 g/day of taurine or carnitine supplementation appears to improve the endurance exercise performance and related human fatigue factors.