• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.151-156
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• 2010

The mutants of sugary-2 (su-2), floury (flo), shrunken-1 (shr-1), and dull-1 (du-1) were crossed to waxy (wx) to produce $F_2$ seeds. Chi-square analysis on the segregating ratio of the $F_2$ seeds revealed that flo, su-2, and shr-1 were independently transmitted with wx, while wx was epistatic over du-1. The floury and sugary-2 were crossed to Hwasunchalbyeo, a waxy variety, and then the $F_4$ of floury-waxy and sugary-2-waxy seeds were developed, respectively. As the parents phenotypes of sugary-2 and floury, the grains of these two lines showed lower hardness and grain weight than normal grain of Hwacheongbyeo. For alkali digestive value (AVD), the sugary-2-waxy showed lower ADV than Hwacheongbyeo. For the gel consistency of grain flours, the floury was medium like Hwacheongbyeo, while those of the sugary-2, floury-waxy, and sugary-2-waxy were soft like Hwasunchalbyeo. The amylose contents in the grains of the sugary-2 and floury were decreased to ~15% whereas that of Hwacheongbyeo was 19.1%. All the lines showing waxy endosperm (Hwasunchalbyeo, floury-waxy, and sugary-2-waxy) showed less than 4% amylose contents. Interestingly, the free sugar content in the brown rice was increased to 9.27% in the sugary-2-waxy, showing transgressive segregation phenomenon where the free sugar contents in its parents, sugary-2 and Hwasunchalbyeo, were 5.98% and 3.98% respectively. Also, the floury-waxy showed transgressive segregation phenomenon, containing 6.15% of free sugar content in the grains.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.594-598
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the tissue-specific expression of ${\beta}$-glucuronidase (gus) gene driven by endosperm-specific promoter (Z4 promoter) in the transgenic tobacco and to find out inheritance pattern of transgene to the next generation. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum cv. Havana SR1) was transformed with Agrobacterium tumerfaciens LBA4404 harboring BV3 construct containing gus gene driven by Z4 promoter and a kanamycin resistant gene. Seven hundred bp PCR products, indicating the presence of npt II gene, were found in the all eight transformants by PCR analysis using nptII primers. To study the expression pattern of the two different kind of promoters, leaf disks of the Z4pro-gus-transformed plants and 35Spro-gus-transformed plants were analyzed histochemically for gus activity. As a result, leaf disks of Z4pro-gus-transformed plants showed very weak and partial positive gus activity. In contrast, leaf disks of 35Spro-gus-transformed plants showed relatively strong positive gus activity. To investigate the expressed position of Z4 promoter, seeds from Z4pro-gus-transformed plants and 35Spro-gus-transformed plants were analyzed histochemically for gus activity. Z4pro-gus-transformed seeds showed positive gus activity restricted to the endosperm. However, the blue-colored product in 35Spro-gus-transformed seeds was observed in all the area including endosperm. Kanamycin resistance assay showed that transgenes were stably inherited to next generation in all lines.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.425-431
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• 2006

In order to investigate the effects of ethylene on the seed development of three corn types (dent, sweet, and super sweet corns), aminoethoxyvinyl glycine (AVG) and silver thiosulfate (STS) and ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, CEPA) were applied either on whole plants or shanks of ears at 9 and 21 days after silking. Ethylene production of developing super sweet corn seeds was much higher than those of sweet and dent corns. The cavity in the endosperm tissues of the super sweet corn started earlier and endosperm was collapsed more severely compared to those of sweet and dent corns. Ethylene production seemed to be related to the death of endosperm cells to form a cavity. Application of AVG and STS reduced ethylene production and delayed cavity formation in endosperm of super sweet corn seeds, while CEPA increased ethylene production and enhanced the time of cavity formation. AVG and STS increased 100-seed weight, while CEPA decreased.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1994

Some physicochemical properties of sugary rices were comparatively analyzed with the original cultivars, using Hwachung su-1, su-2, and Nampung su lines bred in Seoul Nat'l Univ., and EM 5 bred in Kyushu Univ. Sugary rice grains were smaller in width and thickness, and the relative dry weight of 1000 grains of sugary rices ranged from 49% to 72%, compared to normal ones. No distinct starch granules were found in endosperm of sugary rices exposured by SEM, with structural variations between Hwachung su-1 and su-2 lines. Sugary rices showed the significant increases in sucrose, glucose and fructose content, especially much higher in sucrose content showing 5.84-8.79%, in comparison with the normal ones, 1.11∼2.65%. However, sucrose and total sugar content varied within sugary lines carrying the same sugary gene, and were significantly lower in Hwachung su-2. Sugary rices, except Hwachung su-1, showed the same or lower ADV and harder gel characteristics, compared to normal ones. Protein and lipid content were much higher in sugary rices, due to the increased relative proportion of aleurone layer in brown rice caused by thicker aleurone layer than in normal rices and the reduction of endosperm part. However, there were no remarkable changes in amino acid and fatty acid compositions.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.49-55
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• 1986

To obtain basic information required for improving grain yield of the two modified opaque-2 synthetics, which have been developed at College of Agr., Chungnam National Univ. in 1980 and named as Puyo No.2 and No.3, physical kernel characteristics of the two synthetics were fully investigated and results obtained are as follows: Puyo No.2 synthetics had a smaller kernel size with lighter weight than the Puyo No.3. The Puyo No.2 synthetics had higher kernel density than the Puyo No.3 with large Kernel size. The Puyo No.2 had kernels with heterogenous endosperm phenotypes. Some kernels had mottled patches on endosperm, while other kernels 1/2 and 1/2 phenotypes. All the modified opaque-2 synthetics had somewhat lighter endosperm weight than the normal check hybrid. The Puyo No.2 synthetics with smaller kernel size had more germ portion compared with large kernel, Puyo No.3. The Puyo No.2 had shown also typical endosperm texture when observed under microscope after cutting by glass knife. The lysine content of the Puyo No.2 was higher than those of other varieties studied. Breeding schemes to improve the yield capacity of the two modified opaue-2 synthetics were discussed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.219-225
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• 2011

The physicochemical properties of rice endosperm from five rice varieties and effects of milling on baking bread properties of rice flour were investigated. Five rice varieties exhibited different level of amylose content. The ratio of longer amylopectin chain length to the distribution of endosperm starches was the highest in Goami3. According to the RVA measurement of rice flours, the pasting temperatures of Seolgaengbyeo and Goamibyeo were lower than those of the other rice varieties. There were differences in the changes of swelling power of rice flour under increasing temperature. Each rice flour sample for bread-making was processed into two different particle size by using an air-classification mill, and significant differences were observed among cultivars in the average particle size and damaged starch content of rice flours. Rice flour of Seolgaengbyeo with fine particle size showed the highest value in specific volume after baking.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.760-765
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• 2008

This study was performed to analyze the properties of the endosperm components of two pigmented rice varieties, glutinous and non-glutinous rice. Apparent amylose contents (AAC) of starch endosperm were 13.72% and 12.05% in pigmented non-glutinous rice and pigmented glutinous rice, respectively. Both initial temperatures for gelatinization of the two pigmented rice varieties were lower than that of milled rice. The enthalpy for gelatinization of pigmented non-glutinous rice was similar to that of milled rice, but higher than that of pigmented glutinous rice. Pigmented glutinous rice showed the highest Mg/K ratio, which affected the glutinosity in cooked rice. No difference was found in amino acid content among the various groups; however, the lysine contents were higher in the two pigmented rice varieties compared to milled rice. There was no difference in the fatty acid composition among the groups tested. Moreover, the major components of fatty acids were palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid in the two pigmented rice varieties and milled rice. The breakdown value of gelatinization property by RVA (Rapid Visco Analyzer) was lowest in pigmented non-glutinous rice.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2017

The sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) variety 'Sodamchal' was developed and registered by Department of Sothern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) in 2013. This variety was developed from the cross between 'Hwanggeumchal' with brown grain and 'Jungmo4001' with semi-dwarf trait. 'Sodamchal' is the first semi-dwarf stature with waxy endosperm ever developed in Korea. The yield performance of 'Sodamchal' was 2.95 MT/ha in local adaptability test for 2 years. It had 91 cm culm length, which was 58 cm shorter than that of 'Hwanggeumchal', 26.3 cm panicle length, 22.0 mm thickness of culm, 21.1 g in 1,000 grain weight. It could be reduce the lodging problem and also adapted to mechanized cultivation. 'Sodamchal' produces high quantities of polyphenol and radical scavenging activitiy with diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) in pigmented testa. Above all 'Sodamchal' is suitable for use as a parental source for the development of improved pollinator parent lines for developing semi-dwarf sorghum with waxy endosperm and antioxidant activity. (Variety registration No. 6244)

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.413-418
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• 2010

A total of 424 plants was regenerated from the seed-culture of a rice cultivar, 'Ilpum'. The regenerated plants were grown in a greenhouse. The 297 plants with high fertility were selected among 424 plants. The harvested seeds from each plant were planted to each line at experiment field in 2008 and 2009. The each line was evaluated for the agronomic and morphological traits, also. The 64 lines (21.5%) showed significant differences in agronomic and morphological traits from donor cultivar 'Ilpum' among 297 lines. The heading date different from donor cultivar 'Ilpum' showed highest frequency in 297 lines, and accounts for 9.1% (29 lines). The phenotype of opaque endosperm and rolling leaf account for 1.7% and 1.3% in 297 lines, respectively. The genetic segregation was observed in dwarf/semi-dwarf, rolling leaf and opaque endosperm at $S_1$ generation, but not in $S_2$ generation. These results suggest that the mutant derived from a tissue-culture will be one of the promising genetic resources, due to its wide variation and high frequency of mutation, comparatively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.434-439
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• 1989

This study was carried out to investigate the minimum days for raising infant rice seedling with different temperature (day/night $^{\circ}C$ : 20/12, 25/18, 30/20) and to compare with seedling growth and rooting ability at 10 days after transplanting with endosperm-intacted and removed seedlings. The minimum days for raising infant rice seedling was shown differently with different temperatures, thus there were turned out by mat formation to be 10 days at 20/12$^{\circ}C$ (day/night), 8 days at 25/18$^{\circ}C$ and 6 days at 30/20$^{\circ}C$, respectively. Seedling height, leaf number and dry weight of top part at the minimum days for raising infant rice seedling were 8-12cm, 1.5-1.7 leaves and 6.9-7. 5cm per seedling, respectively. The seedling growth at 10 days after transplanting was better at high temperatures (25/18$^{\circ}C$) than low temperature (20/12$^{\circ}C$) at transplanting, and the growth of infant rice seedling with endosperm -intacted was better than that with endosperm-removed. This tedency was shown significantly in transplanting at 20/12$^{\circ}C$ (day/night) of 4 days seedling.