This study was conducted to find out the basic informations related to the rice cultivation using the infant seedlings. Infant seedlings with different nursery Periods were compared for the growth and grain yield of rice at the National Crop Experiment Station in 1997. The highest sound seedling ratio of 93.9% was observed in 8-day old seedling, followed by 88.9% of 12-day, 82.0% of 16-day, and 80.8% of 20-day, The endosperm remained 52.5% in the 8-day old seedling at transplanting and decreasingly with increasing nursery period. Missing hills at transplanting were more in 16-day and 20-day old seedling than in 8-day and 12-day old seedlings, 5.1-5.2% in 8-day and 12-day growing seedling, 6.7% in 16-day and 7.8% in 20-day old seedling. Rooting ability was observed highest in 8-day, followed by 12-day, 16-day and 20-day old seedling. The milled rice was lower by 5-16% in 12-day, 16-day and 20-day old seedling than in 8-day old seedling of 6.18 t/ha. It was found that the 8-day and 12-day old seedling provided more advantage for sound seedling ratio, endosperm remaining, missing hill during transplanting, rooting ability and grain yields than 16-day and 20-day old seedlings.
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of germination condition and drying temperature on growth and physicochemical properties of brown rice. Three brown rice seeds of Ilpumbyeo, Dasanbyeo and Heugjinjubyeo were stored at room temperature for six weeks to test the time-sequence germination viability. Relatively stable germination ratio was maintained until 2 weeks after storage. However, 3 weeks after storage, germination ratio of brown rice seeds started to decrease rapidly and their germination ratio was lower than 80%. For this reason, brown rice was recommended for seeding within 2 weeks after hulling. During the initial 5 days, germination ratio of 24 hours pre-soaking brown rice was higher about 2-3% than that of non-soaking brown rice. The $25^{\circ}C$ was considered as the most favorable temperature for brown rice germination, because of the high germination ratio and desirable coleoptile growth of the brown rice, and little seed rotting symptoms. The scanning electron micrographs showed the structural differences between hot-air dried and freeze dried germinated-brown rice kernel. In the freeze dried germinated-brown rice, seed coat (pericarp, tegmen and aleurone layer) was mechanically disrupted from the endosperm, and many cleavages were observed among starch storing cells and starch granules. The endosperm of freeze-dried brown rice kernels formed the sponge-like structures and showed the fragile traits. For this reason, hot-air drying is considered as more suitable method than freeze drying for germinated-brown rice. The crude protein and amylose contents were slightly changed, but there were no significant differences during the germination period. Crude fiber content was decreased, but crude Int and total amino acid contents were increased as seeding days increased. A rapid increase in $\alpha$-amylase activities of germinating brown rice was observed at S days after seeding, and $\alpha$-amylase activities were decreased from 8 days after seeding. Total free sugar contents were decreased during the germination period. There was continuous decline in the contents of sucrose and glucose until 8 days after seeding, but fructose and maltose content were gradually increased from the 5 days after seeding.
For the elucidation of saponin synthesis during ontogeny changes of ginsenosides and free sugars in seeds during stratification and seedlings in early growth stage were investigated with high performance liquid chrom-atography. Embryo plus endosperm at 40-day stratification showed 80% decrease of total saponin, disappear-ance of Rc, Rb$_2$ and Rb$_1$ and appearance of Rg$_3$ (probable) and 20-Glc-Rf (probable). Leaf ginsenoside F$_3$ was found not in fruit plup but seed and decreased during stratification. Both decomposition and synthesis of saponin seemed to occure during stratification. Ginsenosides in endosperm and embryo might be originated from fruit pulp by penetration. In seedling saponin appeared first in shoot and in root about one month later. Ginsenoside Rc, Rb$_2$, Rb$_1$ appeared in root at the last investigation (June 30) indicating normal saponin synthetic capacity of root. Saponin synthetic rate was twice in leaf than in root. Leaf ginsenoside F$_3$ was found in seedling root. Root saponin Rg$_3$ and 20-Glc-Rf were found in leaf and stem in seedling and decreased with growth suggesting that rate saponin is not such in certain growth stage. Total saponin content was negatively correlated with PT/PD in seeds and arial parts of seedling due to greater change of PD. than PT. Seed at 70days stratification showed high sucrose content. In seedling glucose was main sugar in stem all the while and sucrose in root at early stage while glucose, fructose and sucrose were found in leaf.
Various herbicides were applied to the young rice seedling from which endosperm were removed and their effects were determined at 40 days after transplanting. Generally, growth was retarded, but the number of tillers was not effected. Application of bensulfuron and pretilachlor showed slight growth inhibition compared to dimepiperate and pyrazolate. Injury due to herbicide application was dependent on the transplanting depth. Injury was severe when pretilachlor and pyrazolate were applied to rice transplanted 0 and 4cm deep, respectively. However, bensulfuron showed much injury regardless of transplanting depths with the tendency of general growth retardation. Dimepiperate was fairly safe at all transplanting depths. The application of herbicides at 3 and 6 DAT showed higher injury than that at g and 12 DAT. The degree of injury was severe when pretilachlor and bensulfuron were applied.
Effects of soaking time and particle size on physicochemical properties of nonwaxy rice flour were investigated. Nonwaxy rice grains were soaked at $4^{\circ}C$ for 0, 1, 12, and 24 hr, dried at room temperature, and milled. Resulting flours were passed through 45-mesh ($<355\;{\mu}m$, IL45) and 100-mesh ($<150\;{\mu}m$, IL100) sieves and separated into $<40\;{\mu}m\;and\;40-100\;{\mu}m$ series. IL45 series showed higher amount of large particles ($40-100\;{\mu}m$) than IL100 series. As the soaking time increased, protein and ash contents decreased, and amylose content, water-binding capacity, swelling power, and solubity of nonwaxy rice flours increased. Swelling power and solubility of nonwaxy rice flours also increased between $65-85^{\circ}C$. Water-binding capacity, swelling power, and solubility of IL100 series were higher than those of IL45 series. 12 hr-soaked nonwaxy rice flour pastes showed higher peak viscosity and breakdown but lower setback and viscosity at 95 and $50^{\circ}C$ than 1 hr-soaked ones. X-Ray diffractograms of nonwaxy rice flours were not affected, whereas surface appearance was affected, by soaking time and particle size.
This study has intended to disclose the change of some chemical compositions of Ginkgo seeds which were acquired the treatment of cold-moist-stratification after collection. As check sample, the room-stored seeds were used. With the reasons that when the seeds not stratified were sown the delay of field germination has usually been resulted, the effectiveness of stratificaation in respect to alteration of chemical composition is to be investigated. The increase and decrease of growth promoting and inhibiting substances were investigated by means of chromatography method followed by rice seedling test or wheat coleoptile straight-growth test. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. In the untreated seeds, the zone of growth inhibitors on paper chromatograph were observed without regard to the tissue differences, embryo, endosperm and seedcoat. 2. Due to stratification, the amount of inhibitor has decreased in the embryo and seed coat, but growth promoters was decreased as compared with the check materials 3. The indications of results appear that each portion of the embryo, endosperm, and seedcoats of Ginkgo biloba L. contains the growth in hibitor taking part in germination dormancy. 4. It was presumed that hastening germination was influenced by decreasing of inhibitors in the embryo and seed coats rather than by increasing of promoters. 5. Gibberellin was detected at Rf 0.26 under the UV-lamp and the abscisic acid was detected at Rf 0.62, Rf 0.70, and Rf 0.78 and showed purple, gray, blue fluorescence respectively under the UV-lamp.
Relationship among the properties of rice, such as amylose contents of endosperm starch, sugar content and amylogram characteristics, and processing properties for rice bread was studied. The amylose content of the rice cultivars decreased in order of Nampungbyeo, Whachungbyeo>Punchilmi(fl)>Nampung CB243> Whachung du-I, Nampung EM90>Whachung-chalbyeo>shr. Protein contents of rice tested in this study were almost same level, however, shr, the high sugar rice, showed the highest protein content scored as 8.2%. The study showed that the amylose contents of rice cultivars were negatively correlated with their protein contents. The starting temperatures for gelatinization of the flour of Punchilmi(fl) and Shurunken(shr) were low, however, in case of Whachungbyeo and Nampungbyeo plus their mutants derived from the both, the stickiness and the hardness of the flours were shown to be positively correlated with the amylose contents. In addition, loaf volume tested using sensory evaluation and overall quality showed the same tendency. Among the rice cultivars tested in this study, breads made from white rice had good qualities in bread making process than those made from brown rice. The bread made from Nampungbyeo was demonstrated to have highest score e in overall quality, as well as the lowest retrogradation index during storage at $4^{\circ}C$
To assess the potential as biofortified rice varieties, new endosperm and grain mutant lines were selected from $M_4$ generation seeds of the rice cultivar Shindongjin, which were either $\gamma$-irradiated or treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea(MNU) and lipid, sugar, and tocopherol content were analyzed. Amylose content in non-waxy mutants ranged from 8.8% in SM-4, a dull-type mutant, to 29.5% in SM-51, compared to 18.9% in the parental variety, Shindongjin. SM-23, a floury-type mutant, contained 0.09 ${\mu}g/g$$\alpha$-tocopherol(40.9% of total tocopherol), was three times higher than in the parental variety. SM-32, a giant embryo-type mutant, had a 2.2-fold higher total tocopherol content, 2.1-fold higher $\alpha$-tocopherol, and 5.5-fold higher $\delta$-tocopherol content(47.3% of total tocopherol) than the parental variety(0.13 ${\mu}g/g$). Total free sugar content was elevated in all selected mutants and 1.2-8.6 times higher than in the parental variety(11.38 ${\mu}g/g$). These increased sugar levels were due to increase in sucrose concentration. SM-23(floury-type mutant) and SM-51(high amylose-type mutant) had 4.6 and 7.0 times more sugar, respectively, than the parental variety(11.38 ${\mu}g/g$). With relatively high concentrations, most mutants showed elevated fatty acid content in the SM 32(giant embryo-type) and SM-51(high amylose-type) mutants, at 124.56 and 89.59 mg/g, respectively. All selected mutants displayed valuable characteristics for the development of new varieties in rice-breeding programs.
Park, Hyang-Mi;Choi, Man-Soo;Chun, Areum;Lee, Jeung-Heui;Kim, Myeong-Ki;Kim, Yeon-Gyu;Shin, Dong-Bum;Lee, Jang-Yong;Kim, Yul-Ho
Korean Journal of Breeding Science
/
v.42
no.5
/
pp.515-524
/
2010
The amylose content of starch is a major factor in the texture of cooked cereal grains. Therefore, down-regulation of amylose synthesis is one of the alternative method to improve eating quality of rice. We developed transgenic rice plants designed to suppress granule-bound starch synthase I(GBSSI) gene using RNA interference(RNAi) technology. Transgenic plants with RNAi vector containing the 3'-UTR region of GBSSI showed a lower amylose content in rice endosperm than that of wild-type. The range of amylose content was 5.9~9.0% in the transgenic plants, whereas that of wild-type was 17.7~18.0%. Transgenic rices showed the decrease of short chain and the increase of long chain by analyzing chain length distribution of amylopectin in the endosperm. In the SEM micrographs, we found that compound starch granules in whole grains of the wild-type rice were readily split during fracturing, while the starch granules in RNAi-transgenic lines showed small voluminous, non-angular rounded bodies.
Seed disinfection is a necessary process to decrease Bakanae disease in rice and is carried out at 30℃ to increase disinfection efficiency. However, the length of sprout after seed disinfection is not suitable for sowing, so additional processes such as seed soaking is needed. For this reason, this study was conducted to develop the efficient and effective seed disinfection method. When the seed disinfection finished after soaking seeds in cold water for 2 days, length of sprout was about 1.0 mm and sowing can be done without additional processes. In addition, the incidence of Bakanae disease was greatly reduced by 64% compared to conventional method. In order to find out why the newly developed method (disinfection after soaking) is more efficient than conventional method, soaked and not soaked seeds were stained using methylene blue staining. It was found that soaked seeds were more easily stained with about 50% of internal and external endosperm stained. Therefore, pesticide can be absorbed easily into internal endosperm of soaked seeds and efficiently destroy the spore of pathogen. As a results of this study, newly developed method will be useful as it can improve efficiency of agricultural work and also effectively decrease Bakanae disease compared to conventional method.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.