• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.250-257
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• 2005

Purpose : This study was designed to evaluate the effects of oriental medicine therapy on a patient of metrorrhagia and metrostaxis with endometrial polyp. Methods : The clinical data was analyzed on a patient of metrorrhagia and metrostaxis with endometrial polyp whose main symptoms were dysfunctional uterine bleeding. A 27-year-old female who had been treated hormone replacement therapy for dysfunctional uterine bleeding at a obstetrics and gynecology became worse, so refused any more hormone replacement therapy and visited Dongsin university oriental hospital. The patient was admitted to the obstetrics and gynecology department of Dongsin university Oriental Medical Hospital, on Febrary 23, 2004 and remained until Apri 11, 2005. we treated the patient with a herb-medication, acupunture therapy, moxa therapy and etc. Results : After treatment, improvement was seen in dysfunctional uterine bleeding, generalized weakness. Conclusion : The study suggests that oriental medicine therapy is significantly effective in the treatment of metrorrhagia and metrostaxis with endometrial polyp.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.13
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• pp.5355-5358
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• 2014

Background: To assess the role of sonographic endometrial thickness and hysteroscopic polyp size in predicting premalignant and malignant polyps in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: A total of 328 postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding and thickened endometrium underwent operative hysteroscopy due to detection of endometrial polyps were included in this retrospective study. Preoperative endometrial thickness measured by transvaginal ultrasonography and polyp size on hysteroscopy were noted. Hysteroscopic resection with histology was performed for endometrial polyps. Endometrial thickness and polyp size were evaluated on the basis of final diagnosis established by histologic examination. Receiver operator characteristic curves were calculated to assess the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of endometrial thickness and polyp size for detecting pemalignant and malignant polyps. Results: Premalignant and malignant polyps were identified in 26 (7.9%) of cases. Sonographic measurement showed a greater endometrial thickness in cases of premalignant and malignant polyps when compared to benign polyps. On surgical hysteroscopy, premalignant and malignant polyps were also larger. Endometrial thickness demonstrated a sensitivity of 53.8%, specificity of 85.8%, PPV of 24.6% and NPV of 95.6% at a cut-off limit of 11.5 mm with diagnostic accuracy of 83.2%. Polyp size has a diagnostic accuracy of 94.8% with a sensitivity of 92.3%, specificity of 95.0%, PPV of 61.5% and NPV of 99.3% at a cut-off point of 19.5mm. Conclusions: Endometrial thickness measured by transvaginal ultrasonography is not sufficient in predicting premalignant and malignant endometrial polyps in postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding and thickened endometrium. Polyp size on hysteroscopy is a more accurate parameter, because of better sensitivity and specificity. However, while polyp size ${\geq}19.5mm$ seems to have a great accuracy for predicting premalignancy and malignancy, histologic evaluation is still necessary to exclude premalignant and malignant polyps.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.198-202
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• 2021

Considerable disagreement exists regarding whether endometrial polyps should be removed before attempting natural pregnancy and before pregnancy via intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF). Through a literature review, we obtained information on the impact of endometrial polyps and polypectomy on fertility outcomes. Several observational studies have suggested that women with unexplained infertility may benefit from endometrial polypectomy for a future natural pregnancy. A few studies reported benefits from endometrial polypectomy in infertile women who plan to undergo IUI. However, no strong evidence supports polypectomy as a way to improve the pregnancy rate in infertile women who plan to undergo IVF or polypectomy during controlled ovarian stimulation for IVF. Although no studies have defined criteria for the polyp size that should be removed in infertile women, clinicians should be aware that small endometrial polyps (<10 mm) sometimes regress spontaneously. Endometrial polypectomy is currently justified in patients with repeated IVF failure, but more studies are needed to verify that endometrial polypectomy itself will eventually increase the pregnancy rate. Although several mechanisms by which endometrial polyps exert a negative effect on fertility have emerged, there is no consensus about the proper management of endometrial polyps in infertile women. Therefore, the management of endometrial polyps should be individualized depending on the patient's situation and clinician's preference.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.195-198
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• 2014

Aim: To evaluate precancerous lesions such as hyperplasia and endometrial polyps in obese postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: Women who were referred with abnormal uterine bleeding in postmenopausal period or the presence of endometrial cells on cervical cytology in our department were investigated. Anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, body mass index, waist/hip ratio and endometrial thickness were compared between a precancerous lesion (hyperplasia and endometrial polyp) group and a pathologically normal group. Results: We detected statistically significant thickening of endometrium in patients with precancerous lesions. Moreover patients with precancerous lesions had higher body mass index than the pathologically normal group. Conclusions: We found elevated precancerous lesion rates in overweight and obese women in the postmenopausal period, of interest given that the prevalence of obesity is increasing in most parts of the world. Although screening for endometrial cancer is not recommended for the general population, in high-risk populations like obese postmenopausal women, it may be very important.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.291-299
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• 2011

The membranous adhesions could induce implantation failure despite transplantation of high quality of embryo. Clinically, of the patients who have membranous filmy adhesions, endometrial polyps have been found in not infrequently. Thus this study was tried to evaluate the features of endometrial polyps and the effect of endometrial polyps on formation and extents of membranous adhesions in uterine cavity of infertile patients under hysteroscopy. A retrospective study was conducted on 34 infertile patients who were diagnosed as endometrial polyps with membranous adhesions during hysteroscopy from July 2008 to July 2011. Number, size, location and morophologic type of endometrial polyps were investigated. If needed, methylene blue solution was instillated to endometrial cavity to identify membranous adhesions. Then, associations between membranous adhesions with features of endometrial polyps were evaluated. Mean size of endometrial polyp was $1.6{\pm}0.6$ cm, the bigger of endometrial polyps was, the larger of extents of membranous adhesions. (p<0.05). Endometrial polyps were locate evenly in endometrial cavity as follows: anterior uterine wall, 39.1%; posterior uterine wall, 34.8%; lateral uterine wall, 26.1%; upper: 29.4%, middle: 32.4%, lower segment, 35.3%. Mean number of endometrial polyps was $2.26{\pm}1.3$. The pedunculated type was 37.7% and sessile type was 32.4%. There was no statistically significant association of location, number and morphologic type of endometrial polyps with membranous adhesions. In conclusion, hysteroscopy before in vitro fertilization on infertile patients was worthy because of removing of endometrial polyps and membranous adhesions.

• Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.189-193
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• 2018

Background: This study aimed to reveal the clinicopathologic features and causes of bleeding in older patients with postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) and to investigate the correlation between the ultrasonographic findings and etiology of PMB. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the causes and clinical characteristics of PMB in 498 patients who were diagnosed between January 2007 and December 2017. The population with PMB was divided into 2 groups according to age: Group A (n=204) included individuals more than 65 years of age and group B (n=294) included those less than 65 years of age. Clinical characteristics such as age, parity, underlying conditions, previous surgical history, and previous menopausal hormone therapy were compared between the groups. Cervical cytology testing and transvaginal ultrasonography were performed in all patients with PMB. Endometrial biopsy was performed in all cases of endometrial thickness ${\geq}5mm$. Results: We examined 498 patients with PMB. In group A, atrophic endometrium (n=125, 61.27%) was the most common cause of PMB. Twenty-three patients had gynecological malignancy (cervical cancer: n=12, 5.88%; endometrial cancer: n=8, 3.42%; ovarian cancer: n=3, 1.46%), and 30 patients had benign gynecological disease (endometrial polyp: n=10, 4.90%; submucosal myoma: n=6, 2.94%; uterine prolapse: n=7, 3.42%; cervical dysplasia; n=5, 2.45%; cervical polyp: n=2, 0.98%). Forty patients had endometrial thickness ${\geq}5mm$. Eight patients were diagnosed with endometrial cancer. All cases of endometrial cancer were diagnosed with endometrial thickness >10 mm. Conclusion: Atrophic endometrium was the most common cause of PMB in both groups, and approximately 12% of cases were associated with gynecological malignancy in older patients.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2006

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between severity of endometriosis and the incidence of endometrial polyp. Methods: The study population consisted of six hundred thirty-one women who had undergone laparoscopic operation due to infertility, severe dysmenorrhea or ovarian tumors. We divided two groups: 434 women with endometriosis (study group) and 197 women without the disease (control group). The presence of endometriosis was documented by diagnostic or therapeutic laparoscopic operation and the disease severity was scored according to revised The American Fertility Society classification. We confirmed the endometrial polyps by pathologic examination after hysteroscopic polypectomy, and compared endometrial polyp incidence according to severity of endometriosis. Results: There was no significant difference between groups with regard to age, mean duration of infertility. Endometrial polyps were found in 274 women (63.0%) with endometriosis and in 58 controls (29.8%, p=0.0000). The incidence of endometrial polyps differed significantly according to stage of endometriosis. The incidence of endometrial polyps were 77/142 (54.2%), 58/90 (64.4%), 73/108 (67.6%, p<0.05), 66/94 (70.2%, p<0.05) in endometriosis stage I, II, III, and IV. There was a linear correlation between stage of endometriosis and endometrial polyps incidence (p=0.008). Conclusion: Endometriosis is accompanied by endometrial polyps. This results showed positive correlation between severity of the endometriosis and incidence of endometrial polyps. It is the possible mechanism for low pregnancy rate in the severe endometriosis.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.222-225
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• 2018

The current study describes a case of endometrial polyps accompanied by an open-cervix pyometra in a 15-year-old female Chinchilla Persian cat. The cat was presented with a history of a large mass in the endometrium and purulent discharge from the vulva. Ovariohysterectomy was performed and pedunculated polypoid mass on the endometrium was seen protruded into the uterine cavity. Histologically, the mass was composed of multiple cystically dilated glands surrounded by fibrous stroma. Based on gross and histologic findings, the diagnosis for this case was concluded.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.173-179
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• 2010

The antiestrogen tamoxifen is currently the most commonly used adjuvant treatment of breast cancer with antiestrogenic effect on mammary tissue. However, it is also associated with endometrial abnormalities, including hyperplasia, polyps, carcinoma, mostly interpreted as evidence of estrogenic effect on the endometrium. Previously, tamoxifen-associated polyp in breast cancer has been reported in the literature. Most studies had a long follow-up period and tamoxifen-associated polyp developed more than 1 year after tamoxifen treatment. In this case, we report an unusual case of rapid growing and multiple endometrial polyps that were developed only after 3 months' tamoxifen treatment in a postmenopausal breast cancer patient who received quadrant mastectomy with a brief review of literature.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.429-440
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• 1996

In order to know morphological changes on the female genital organs by Ivermectin(IVM) administration, the histopathological observation was carried out in the organs of rat and mouse treated with the overdose of IVM. In the microscopical findings of the uterus, there were many mitotic figures, epithelial hyperplasia and papillary foldings in the endometrial surface. The increased prevalance of uterine glands, uterine epithelia and glands hyperplasia were markedly presented on diverse patterns adenoma-like structure and single nodular or multiple polyp-like adenoma. In ovary, primary and mature follicles were decreased in number, and hypoplasia of ovarian follicles, atretic follicles, follicular cysts and ovarian atropy were observed. It was considered that IVM administration resulted in follicular hypoplasia and atropy of ovary, and hyperplasia of uterine gland and endometrial surface epithelium might be transformed to neoplasia of glandular structures.