• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.294-298
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• 2003

Endocrine-disrupting phenolic compounds in the water were degraded by laccase from Trametes sp. followed by activated sludge treatment. The effect of temperature on the degradation of phenolic compounds and the production of organic compounds were investigated using endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A, 2.4-dichlorophenol, and diethyl phthalate. Bisphenol A and 2.4-dichlorophenol disappeared completely after the laccase treatment, but no disappearance of diethyl phthalate was observed. The Michaelis-Menten type equation was proposed to represent the degradation rate of bisphenol A by the lacasse under various temperatures. After the laccase treatment of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, the activated sludge treatment was attempted and it could convert about 85 and 75% of organic compounds produced from bisphenol A and 2.4-dichlorophenol into H$_2$O and CO$_2$, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.349-357
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• 2007

Reports of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), and personal care products (PCPs) have raised substantial concern in important potable drinking water quality issues. Our study investigates the removal of EDCs, PhACs, and PCPs of 10 compounds having different physico-chemical properties (e.g., molecular weight, and octanol-water partition coefficient ($K_{OW}$)) by nanofiltration (NF) membranes. The rejection of micropollutants by NF membranes ranged from 93.9% to 99.9% depending on solute characteristics. A batch adsorption experiments indicated that adsorption is an important mechanism for transport/removal of relatively hydrophobic compounds, and is related to the octanol-water partition coefficient values. The transport phenomenon associated with adsorption may also depend on solution water chemistry such as pH and ionic strength influencing the pKa value of compounds. In addition, it was visually seen that the retention was somewhat higher for the larger compounds based on their molecular weight. These results suggest that the NF membrane retains many organic compounds due to both hydrophobic adsorption and size exclusion mechanisms.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 2007

Based on the Benzoflex (Vesicol Chemical Co.) as PVC plasticizer substituents for Di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP), a series of new aromatic carboxylic acid ester compounds were designed as plasticizers, synthesized, and screened for the endocrine disrupting activity. 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (1) and 2-methoxybenzoic acid (2) as the commercially available starting materials were reacted with diethylene glycol (3) in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid using Dean-Stark column to give diethylene glycol di-(2-hydroxy)benzoate (4, KH01) and diethylene glycol di-(2-methoxy)benzoate (5, KH02), respectively. And diethylene glycol di-(3-pyridinyl) ester (7, KH03) and dipropylene glycol di-(3-pyridinyl) ester (9, KH04) were obtained in high yields by treatment of nicotinoyl chloride (6) with diethylene glycol (3) and dipropylene glycol (8) in the presence of triethylamine as a base. To determine the estrogenic disrupting effect of new synthetic phthalate analogues, E-screen assay method was used. Of these compounds, 4 (KH01) was found to be compound without endocrine disrupting effect.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.151-155
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• 2004

The bioremediation of water system contaminated with phenolic compounds having endocrine-disrupting activity, i.e. 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4,5-T), was investigated by using ozone oxidation and activated sludge treatment. Ozone oxidation (ozonation time: 30 min) followed by activated sludge treatment (incubation time: 5 days) was an efficient treatment method for the conversion of phenolic compounds in water into carbon dioxide and decreased the value of total organic carbon (TOC) up to about 10% of initial value. Furthermore, 2,4-D was dissolved in water containing salt, i.e. artificial seawater (ASW), and this water was used as model coastal water contaminated with phenolic compounds. The activated sludge treatment (incubation time: 5 days) could consume significantly organic acids produced from 2,4-D in the model costal water by the ozone oxidation (ozonation time: 30min) and decrease the value of TOC up to about 35% of initial value.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.408-414
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• 1999

A number of chemical released into the environment eliciting their effects by disrupting normal hormonal pathways. Endocrine disrupting compounds are present in the aquatic environment and pose potential health consequences to wildlife and humans. This review are designing fur xenobiotic estrogens based on induction of the egg-yolk precursor protein vitelloge-nin. In fish of aquatic environment, it may result in decrease fertility and egg production in females or lead to reduced gonad size or feminization of genetic male fish. It has been known that male fish exposed to estrogenic compounds show induced production of vitellogenin. Vitello-genin production is normally restricted to adult females, which have elevated estrogen levels during egg production. However, vitellogenin can be induced in males by Pollution of environmental endocrine disruptors. Consequently, the presence of vitellogenin in male fish can serve as an indicator of exposure of environmental endocrine disrupting compounds. In immature fish pol-luted at low levels of environmental endocrine disrupter, vitellogenin can serve as a reliable biomarker for exposure to endocrine disrupter. This review demonstrates the utility of vitellogenin as a biomarker fur exposure to estrogenin agents in auqatic environment.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1351-1360
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• 2023

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds that disturb hormonal homeostasis by binding to receptors. EDCs are metabolized through hepatic enzymes, causing altered transcriptional activities of hormone receptors, and thus necessitating the exploration of the potential endocrine-disrupting activities of EDC-derived metabolites. Accordingly, we have developed an integrative workflow for evaluating the post-metabolic activity of potential hazardous compounds. The system facilitates the identification of metabolites that exert hormonal disruption through the integrative application of an MS/MS similarity network and predictive biotransformation based on known hepatic enzymatic reactions. As proof-of-concept, the transcriptional activities of 13 chemicals were evaluated by applying the in vitro metabolic module (S9 fraction). Identified among the tested chemicals were three thyroid hormone receptor (THR) agonistic compounds that showed increased transcriptional activities after phase I+II reactions (T3, 309.1 ± 17.3%; DITPA, 30.7 ± 1.8%; GC-1, 160.6 ± 8.6% to the corresponding parents). The metabolic profiles of these three compounds showed common biotransformation patterns, particularly in the phase II reactions (glucuronide conjugation, sulfation, GSH conjugation, and amino acid conjugation). Data-dependent exploration based on molecular network analysis of T3 profiles revealed that lipids and lipid-like molecules were the most enriched biotransformants. The subsequent subnetwork analysis proposed 14 additional features, including T4 in addition to 9 metabolized compounds that were annotated by prediction system based on possible hepatic enzymatic reaction. The other 10 THR agonistic negative compounds showed unique biotransformation patterns according to structural commonality, which corresponded to previous in vivo studies. Our evaluation system demonstrated highly predictive and accurate performance in determining the potential thyroid-disrupting activity of EDC-derived metabolites and for proposing novel biotransformants.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.292.2-293
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• 2002

Pyrethroids are one of the most commonly used insecticides in worldwide. but it remains unclear whether pyrethroid compounds possess endocrine disrupting activity or not. T47D cells, an estrogen receptor positive human breast cancer cell line. is known to induce alkaline phosphatase (AlkP) only in response to progestins. Because the action of estrogen may be changed by the action of progestins (Kraus et al. 1995), it is important to examine the potential to produce progestin-mediated effects for determining endocrine disrupting activity of chemicals(LiLorenzo et al. 1991). (omitted)

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.3-8
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• 2003

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.669-675
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• 2012

Recently, there have been active researches regarding endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In this study, fifteen small freshwater streams in Cholla-namdo province, South Korea were investigated with respect to the concentration of the endocrine disruptors - Bisphenol A (BPA), styrene monomer (SM), styrene dimer (SD), and styrene trimer (ST) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Measured concentration of the target compounds in the sampled water ranged from

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1180-1186
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• 1999

A wide ranges of chemicals released into the environment have potential to interfere with physiological and development process by disrupting endocrine pathways. Endocrine system embraces a multitude of mechanisms of action, including effect on growth, behavior, reproduction and immune function. These environmental endocrine disruptors are present in environment and pose potential health consequences to human and wildlife. The best known form in endocrine distruptors involves substances which mimic or block the action of natural hormone in the body. Endocrine disruptor have been variously defined as exogenous agents that interfere with the synthesis, secretion, transport, metabolism, binding action or elimination of the natural hormones in the body which are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis, reproduction developmental and/or behavior. Many compounds polluted into the environment by human activity are capable of disrupting the endocrine system of animals, including fish, wildlife, and humans. Among these chemicals are pesticides, industrial chemicals, and other anthropogenic products. It has been alleged that several adverse effects on human health are linked with exposure to chemicals which are claimed to be endocrine disrupters, that is, increased incidence of testicular, prostate and female breast cancer, time dependent reductions in sperm quality and quantity, increased incidence of cryptorchidism (undescended testicles) and hypospadias(malformation of the penis), altered physical and mental de velopment in children. This observation is currently the only example of chemically mediated endocrine disruption which has resulted in a clear effect at the population level.