• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.274-280
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• 2005

A chitinase was purified from the culture supernatant of Paenibacillus illinoisensis KJA-424 by protein precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex anion-exchange chromatography, and Sephadex G-150 gel filtration. The molecular weight of the purified chitinase was 54 kDa on SDS-PAGE and activity staining. Optimal pH and temperature were pH 5.0 and 60$^{circ}$C, the presence of 10 ruM Ag$^{+}$ and Hg$^{2+}$ inhibited the activity by $92.1/%$ and $97.7/%$, and the K$_{m}$ and V$_{max}$ values were 1.12 mg chitin mrl and 1.48$\mu$mol GlcNAc min$^{-1}$, respectively. The enzyme hydrolyzed tetramer to dimer, pentamer to dimer and trimer, and hexamer to dimer, trimer and tetramer, indicating an endo-splitting mechanism. The chitinase had no hydrolytic activity toward dimer and trimer. The chitinase inhibited the mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani, suggesting an antifungal property.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 1997

This study was aimed to survey inexpensive and reliable sources of chitinase from the animal origin. The stomach and its content of the broiler, the cod, the yellowtail and ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ from snail gut showed a considerable chitinolytic activity, while those of the bas didn't have any detectable activity. These crude enzymes was found to have both endo- and exochitinase activity. The effects of pH and temperature on the enzyme activity were variable. The hydrolytic products of colloidal chitin by the enzyme preparation from the broiler and the cod were chitooligomers having the degree of polymerization between 3 and 5. Furthermore we observed the chitosanolytic activity from these enzymes. In the degradation of chitosan the chyme of the broiler had the highest activity and ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ from snail gut followed. On the basis of the fact that the by-product of the broiler was not only commercially available but also the most potent in the endochitinase activity and the lowest in the exochitinase activity, we conclude that the gizzard and its chyme are considered as the most suitable source of the industrial chitinase among animals studied in this paper.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.466-471
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• 1996

The survey on the chitinolytic activity of some plants was performed for the purpose of obtaining some reliable and inexpensive sources of chitinase. Rice, soybean for sprouting, kiwi fruit, almond and crude papain were investigated. Rice bran, seed coat of the soybean and the pericarp of kiwi fruit showed a considerable activity, while the bean after the removal of the seed coat, the mixture of rice integument and endosperm, polished rice, and defatted soybean powder didn't have any detectable activity. These crude enzymes have shown to contain both endo- and exochitinase activity. The effects of pH and temperature on the enzyme activity were variable. Furthermore we have observed the chitosanolytic activity from these enzyme Preparations. The rice bran had the highest activity in the enzymatic degradation of chitosan, and seed coat of soybean and the pericarp of kiwi fruit followed. On the basis of the fact that crude papain was not only commercially available but also the most potent in the endochitinase activity and the lowest in the exochitinase activity, we could conclude that crude papain was considered as the most suitable source of the chitinase among plants studied in this paper. In addition, rice bran was worth further investigation from the point of utilizing agricultural by-product.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.100-103
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• 2004

The culture condition and medium composition for the enhanced mycelial growth of Inonotus mikadoi IMSNU 32058 were investigated. The optimal temperature and pH for the mycelial growth were $27^{\circ}C$ and pH 4.5, respectively. Among the complex media tested, the malt extract medium and Phellinus igniarius medium were very good for mycelial growth of I. mikadoi. When Czapek-Dox medium was used as a minimal medium for cultivation of mycelia, xylose, raffinose and carboxymethyl cellulose were very excellent as a carbon and energy source. With respect to carbohydrate, sucrose and glucose were very good carbon sources. In general, organic complex nitrogen sources were better than other inorganic ones. As the organic complex nitrogen sources tested, yeast extract, soytone, proteose peptone and bacto peptone were the best as a source of organic nitrogen. When ammonium sulfate as an inorganic source of nitrogen was used, the enhanced mycelial growth was shown. p-Aminobenzoic acid was proved to be most appropriate source of vitamin. After the mycelia of I. mikadoi was cultivated at $27^{\circ}C$ for 5 days in MEM broth (pH 4.5), the activities of both exomycelial and endo-mycelial enzymes were determined. Among endomycelial enzymes assayed, the specific activity of laccase was much higher than those of other enzymes. When the fungus was grown in MEM broth, exomycelial specific enzyme activity of laccase was comparatively high. However, little or no enzyme activities of protease, chitinase and lipase were found.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.275-281
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• 2013

Low temperature is one of the major environmental factors that affect productivity including reduced growth and budding of vines, and changes of metabolic processes in grape (Vitis spp.). To screen the specific expression of abiotic stress-related genes against cold treatment in 'Kyoho' and 'Campbell Early' grapevines, expression of various defense-related genes was investigated by RT-PCR and real-time PCR. Among the 67 genes analyzed by RT-PCR and real-time PCR, 17 and 16 types of cDNA were up-regulated, while 5 and 6 types were down-regulated in cold-treated 'Kyoho' and 'Campbell Early' grapevines, respectively. Genes encoding carotene (Cart3564 and Cart4472), chalcone isomerase (CHI), cytochrome P450 (CYP), flavonol synthase (FLS), endo-${\beta}$-glucanase precursor (Glu), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), leucine-rich repeats (LRR), manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP), proline rich protein 2 (PRP2), small heat shock protein (sHSP), temperature induced lipocalin (TIL), and thaumatin-like protein (TLP) were up-regulated, while those encoding CBF like transcription factor (CBF1), chitinase-like protein (CLP), cold induced protein (CIP), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were down-regulated by low temperature treatment in both in 'Kyoho' and 'Campbell Early'.