• Journal of international Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2013

This paper presents a uniform analytical model by energy method and Fourier series expansion to analyze detent force in uneven magnetic field for permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM). The model reveals that detent force in long-primary type is mainly influenced by non-ideal distribution of permanent magnet magnetic motive force, while nounified air-gap permeance makes a great impact on detent force of short-primary type. Hence, magnetic field similarity of motor design techniques referring rotary counterpart are adopted. For long-primary type novel method of splitting edge magnets is proposed to reduce end effects force, and optimal widths of edge tooth in short-primary type also verify the effectiveness of magnetic field similarity. The experimental results validate finite element analysis results.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.81-85
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• 2011

The end effect of a linear induction motor (LIM) has been known for several decades, especially in high speed operation. The exit part of the primary is not dealt as extensively as the entry part because of its minor effect. However, the exit part is one of the keys to weaken the dolphin effect, which occurs in high speed operation. In this paper, the concept of the virtual primary core is introduced, and chamfering of the primary outlet teeth is proposed to minimize the longitudinal end effect at the exit zone. For this, LIM for the high-speed train is designed and analyzed by using finite element method. Results confirm that chamfering can improve thrust performance effectively.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.271-287
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• 2013

We propose a new multipath-based reliable routing protocol on MANETs, Multipath-based Reliable routing protocol with Fast-Recovery of failures (MRFR). For reliable message transmission, MRFR tries to find the most reliable path between a source and a destination considering the end-to-end packet reception reliability of the routes. The established path consists of a primary path that is used to transmit messages, and the secondary paths that are used to recover the path when detecting failures on the primary path. After establishing the path, the source transmits messages through the primary path. If a node detects a link failure during message transmission, it can recover the path locally by switching from the primary to the secondary path. By allowing the intermediate nodes to locally recover the route failure, the proposed protocol can handle the dynamic topological change of the MANETs efficiently. The simulation result using the QualNet simulator shows that the MRFR protocol performs better than other protocols in terms of the end-to-end message delivery ratio and fault-tolerance capability.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.6 no.12
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• pp.3081-3099
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• 2012

We propose a new multipath-based reliable routing protocol on MANETs, Multipath-based Reliable routing protocol with Fast-Recovery of failures (MRFR). For reliable message transmission, MRFR tries to find the most reliable path between a source and a destination considering the end-to-end packet reception reliability of the routes. The established path consists of a primary path that is used to transmit messages, and the secondary paths that are used to recover the path when detecting failures on the primary path. After establishing the path, the source transmits messages through the primary path. If a node detects a link failure during message transmission, it can recover the path locally by switching from the primary to the secondary path. By allowing the intermediate nodes to locally recover the route failure, the proposed protocol can handle the dynamic topological change of the MANETs efficiently. The simulation result using the QualNet simulator shows that the MRFR protocol performs better than other protocols in terms of the end-to-end message delivery ratio and fault-tolerance capability.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 1998

Despite improvement in respiratory care, including use of low pressure and high volume cuffed tubes, tracheal stenosis remains a serious complication after a long-term tracheal intubation and tracheostomy. In such patients, tracheal resection and primary anastomosis is still considered ideal therapeutic modality. Between 1989 and 1997, we performed tracheal resections with end-to-end anastomosis on 14 patients with no operative mortality and some morbidity. Tracheal stenosis was caused by tracheostomy in nine patients, by endotracheal intubation in three patients and by thyroid carcinoma in two patients. The length of stenosis was various from 2cm to 4.5cm. All patient underwent segmental tracheal resection and primary anastomosis(14 patients) and additional procedures were cricoid cartilage reconstruction(2 patients), suprahyoid laryngeal release(3patients), carinal release technique(2 patients) and arytenoidectomy(2 patients). We have nine complications: granulona at anastomosis site in four patients, vocal cord palsy in two patients and restenosis, pneumonia, skin necrosis in each of those patients. The granuloma was removed by bronchoscopic forceps(4 patients). Vocal cord palsy was treated by arytenoidectorny(2 patients), restenosis by T-tube insertion, pneumonia by antibiotics and skin necrosis was treated by skin graft. We reviews our expenence of clinical features of tracheal stenosis and surgical treatment by tracheal one-to-end anastomosis with additional procedures to avoid postoperative complications for sucessful results.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.1541-1548
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• 2012

This paper proposes a new multipath-based routing protocol on MANETs with Fast-Recovery of failures. The proposed protocol establishes the primary and secondary paths between a source and a destination considering the end-to-end packet reception reliability of routes. The primary path is used to transmit messages, and the secondary path is used to recover the path when detecting failures on the primary path. If a node detects a link failure during message transmission, it can recover the path locally by switching from the primary to the secondary path. By allowing the intermediate nodes to recover locally the route failure, the proposed protocol can reduce the number of packet loss and the amount of control packets for setting up new paths. The simulation result using QualNet simulator shows that the proposed protocol was about 10-20% higher than other protocols in terms of end-to-end message delivery ratio and the fault recovery time in case of link fault was about 3 times faster than the other protocols.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.43-52
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• 2018

In this study, annual site and primary energy use intensities (EUIs) and CO2 emission intensities (CEIs) per area by end use were estimated based on the measurement data from June 2016 to May 2017 of 50 sample apartment units in Seoul. In addition, estimated site EUIs by end use were compared to the U.S. Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) 2009 data. Site EUIs by end use were found to be in the order of heating > electric appliance > domestic hot water > cooking > lighting > cooling > air movement. In the case of primary EUIs and CEIs by end use, electric appliance was found to be the largest. As results of comparison with the RECS 2009 data, it was found that site EUIs were very similar for heating, domestic hot water and electric appliance, etc., but slightly different for cooling. The number of sample apartment units will continue to increase until 2020 (total number of samples 200) and intensities data by end use will be continuously updated through continuous collection of measurement data.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.697-703
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• 2011

In this paper a control system with a high performance dynamic response for linear induction motors (LIMs) is proposed which takes into account the end-effect in both the machine model and the control system. Primary flux oriented control has two major drawbacks i.e. a lack of decoupling of the thrust and the flux and a possibility of system instability due to the end-effect. Both of these drawbacks have been dealt with in this paper. A flux estimation method is proposed to correct the flux orientation error caused by the end effect. Extensive motor performance evaluations under the proposed control system prove its superiority over conventional vector control.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.853-855
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• 2003

Microphytobenthos that supply nutrients to the intertidal ecosystem play an important part as a primary producer. If we estimate distribution and density of microphytobenthos, we can possibly calculate a volume of primary product in the tidal flat and its effect to the intertidal ecosystem. To estimate the portion of microphytobenthos, we used a linear spectral unmixing (LSU) method. LSU is a tool for inference the proportions of the pure components (or end-members) in a mixed pixel. The selection of end-members is critical to LSU. The end-members can be selected either from spectral libraries built from field surveys or from a remotely sensed image. We compared the two approaches of end-member selection, and the preliminary results showed end-members from from spectral library are as effective as those from image itself.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.88-96
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• 2005

Purpose: To compare and analyze the outcome of primary clavicular lateral end resection method and conventional acromioclavicular (AC) joint reduction method in type III AC dislocation patients over 45 years. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on selected 24 cases of type III AC dislocation patients, over 45 years of age, operated at our hospital from 1998 to 2002. Group I consist of 12 patients who underwent primary clavicular lateral end resection methods (average age: 54.3 years$(45{\sim}72)$). Group II consist of 7 patients using Bosworth methods and 5 patients using Phemister methods (average age: 54.4 years$(45{\sim}71)$). Clinical outcome was evaluated by Weaver and Dunn method. Radiological results were compared by measuring coracoclavicular distance between normal and injured side. Results: As clinical outcome, good was 10 cases(83%); fair 2(17%) in Group I, and good 6(50%); fair 3(25%); poor 3(25%) in Group II. In contrast, the difference of coracoclavicular distance was not statistically significant between two groups before or after surgery, and last follow up. At the last follow up, there was no special correlation between the difference of coracoclavicular distance and clinical outcome. Conclusion: We considered that primary clavicular lateral end resection may be effective for prevention of arthrosis in AC joint in type III AC dislocation patients over 45 years.