• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 1993

Microcapsules(Mc) of cephalexin (CEPH), using Eudragit RS, RL, L, S and polyethylene glycol 1540, were evaluated biopharmaceutically. The area under the curve of CEPH-Eudragit RS/RL Mc administered orally once was larger than that of cephalexin powder twice every 6 hrs. Controlledrelease effectiveness and the absorption rate effectiveness, two important parameters of Vallner's method, of CEPH-Eudragit RS/RL Mc indicate that these Mc can be good sustained-release preparations. And a simple pharmacokinetic model is introduced which allows the gastric emptying and intestinal-transit rates of a drug itself and a solid-state drug contained in Mc. Decreasing $K_r$, without change in $K_a$, showed that the rate-limiting step of absorption moved from absorption step to releasestep.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.9-21
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• 1988

Gastro-intestinal mortility and transit time of barium sulfate after electroacupuncture were investigated in normal dogs and administration of xylatine in dogs. Electroacupuncture was performed with a current of 1.5 volt and 20 Hz at the acupoints of Tsu San Li(right(+) left(-) in dogs for 30 minutes. The results were as follows: 1. After electroacupuncture stimnlation in normal dogs, rates of stomach contractions was not changed, but amplitudes of stomach motility was markadly increased. The electroacupuncture stimulation tasted about 60 minutes after the end of electroacupuncture. 2. The stomach contractions was markedly increased, while the amplitudes of stomach motility was sligltly decreased by the administration of xylazine in dogs. 3. The rates of stomach contractions and amplitudes of motility were markedly increased after administration of xylazine in the electroacupuncture stimulated dogs. 4. Gastric emptying time o barium sulfate after electroacupuncture stimulation in dogs was highly significantly decreased compared with that of normal dogs(p < 0.01). 5. Small bowel transit time of barium sulfate after electroacupuncture stimulation in dogs was highly significantly decreased compared with that of normal dogs (p < 0.01). 6. Gastroduodenal transit time of barium sulfate after administration of xylazine following electroacupuncture stimulation dogs was blighty significantly decreased compared to that of dogs dosed with xylazine (p< 0.01). 7. Small bowel transit time of barium sulfate after administration of xylazine following electroacupuncture stimulation dogs markedly decreased compared to that of dogs dosed with xylazine (p < 0.05).

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.73-77
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• 2016

Alginic acid and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium are dietary fibers from plants. They have a swelling property and delay the gastric emptying time, thereby resulting in feeling satiated after oral administration, which may eventually contribute to loss of body weight. The goal of this study was to compare swelling property of three commercial matrix tablets based on alginic acid and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium. When the swelling was determined by the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) guideline, the tablet prepared by direct compression method with highly viscous swelling agent showed the highest swelling in acidic conditions. Water uptake of these tablets was rapid and completed within 30 min. Moreover, when the pH was changed from 2.5 to 6.8 buffer, the water uptake was not significantly changed in all tablets.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.276-283
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to report bowel sound patterns recorded in 3 diseases associated with structural deformity of the pylorus-duodenum. Methods: : Bowel sound recording is a useful non-invasive tool for the evaluation of gastrointestinal motility. However, the difficulty in manual attachment of the electronic stethoscope on the abdominal wall and noise production against bowel sound signals have prohibited its widespread use. Therefore, I developed a new apparatus that eliminates the noise; it contains a sound absorbing device and a holder for the head of stethoscope. Using the new bowel sound recording system, bowel sounds of the patients were recorded repeatedly. The endoscopic and abdominal computed tomography findings were obtained from other hospitals' medical record, and all patients were confirmed to have structural deformity in the pylorus-duodenum. The records of each patient were compared and assessed. Results: : Patients had either duodenal ulcer scar, pyloric stricture, or far advanced malignant stomach cancer, as diagnosed by the gastroscopy. Their dominant frequency of bowel sound obtained from the new system was checked more than 2 times at regular intervals. All 8 recordings in the 2 patients with duodenal ulcer scar (5 times) or pyloric stricture (3 times) showed a decrease in postprandial than fasting dominant frequency. One patient with stomach cancer showed no significant change between postprandial and fasting states at 2 recordings. Conclusions: The analysis of dominant frequency in bowel sounds can indicate the existence of pyloric obstruction that could delay gastric emptying.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2016

Background: Barium swallow is performed following esophagectomy to evaluate the anastomosis for detection of leaks and to assess the emptying of the gastric conduit. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the barium swallow study in diagnosing anastomotic leaks following esophagectomy. Methods: Patients who underwent esophagectomy from January 2000 to December 2013 at our institution were investigated. Barium swallow was routinely done between days 5-7 to detect a leak. These results were compared to clinically determined leaks (defined by neck wound infection requiring jejunal feeds and or parenteral nutrition) during the postoperative period. The sensitivity and specificity of barium swallow in diagnosing clinically significant anastomotic leaks was determined. Results: A total of 395 esophagectomies were performed (mean age, 62.2 years). The indications for the esophagectomy were as follows: malignancy (n=320), high-grade dysplasia (n=14), perforation (n=27), benign stricture (n=7), achalasia (n=16), and other (n=11). A variety of techniques were used including transhiatal (n=351), McKeown (n=35), and Ivor Lewis (n=9) esophagectomies. Operative mortality was 2.8% (n=11). Three hundred and sixty-eight patients (93%) underwent barium swallow study after esophagectomy. Clinically significant anastomotic leak was identified in 36 patients (9.8%). Barium swallow was able to detect only 13/36 clinically significant leaks. The sensitivity of the swallow in diagnosing a leak was 36% and specificity was 97%. The positive and negative predictive values of barium swallow study in detecting leaks were 59% and 93%, respectively. Conclusion: Barium swallow is an insensitive but specific test for detecting leaks at the cervical anastomotic site after esophagectomy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.115-127
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• 1998

Laryngopharyngeal reflux(LPR) is one firm of the gastroesophageal reflux diseases(GERD). It is known to cause various kinds of otolaryngologic symptoms such as hoarseness, foreign body sensation in throat, chronic throat clearing, chronic cough, etc. Disease entities diagnosed by otolaryngologists as posterior laryngitis, globus pharyngeus should be suspected as LPR-related diseases. In this multi-center trial, we tried to evaluate the effect of cisapride(10mg tid) on LPR-related symptoms as the part I study(CIS-KOR-051) in 19 centers, and as the part II study(CIS-KOR-052) comparative evaluation of effect between cisapride(10mg tid) and ranitidine(150mg bid) on LPR-related symptoms in 4 centers. In part I study, efficacy of cisapride on LPR-related symptoms after 4 weeks was 53.5% and that of after 8weeks was 77.9% in per protocol(PPA) analysis group. In part II study, efficacy of the cisapride was much better than that of ranitidine not only from 8 weeks trial(p<0.001) but also from 4 weeks trial(p<0.021) in PPA group. In the multiple logistic regression analysis among the parameters which affect the efficacy of the treatment, cisapride prescribed group showed 10 times greater than that of ranitidine prescribed group(p<0.0001, Odds ratio : 10) in PPA group. LPR was proved by 24Hr double probe pHmetry in 13 patients out of 19 patients tested(68.4%). Thus these results indicated that inducing the improvement of motility functions could affect the amelioration of the LPR-related symptoms much better than reducing acid secretion from the stomach. And maybe it suggests that LPR-related symptoms mainly developed by the reduced motility functions of the esophagus and/or delayed gastric emptying.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.162-168
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• 2000

Irritable Bowel Syndrome(IBS) is the most common disease in the western male, and it is founded in $70{\sim}80%$ patient who has Gastrointestinal trouble. It is characterized by the formation of disorders of Gastrointestinal tract, for example, constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain& discomfort, stool urgency, and so on. The etiology of IBS is uncertain, but the majority of patients has emotional problems. The aims of this study are to investigate and summarize the current trends of treatment for IBS so as to suggest the effective and available way to treat this disease. In Oriental Medicine, the IBS is recognized as Stagnation of the Iiver-qi(肝氣鬱結), Incoordination between the liver and the stomach(肝胃不和). So the point of treatment of IBS is Invigorating the spleen and relieving the depression of Iiver-qi(疏肝健脾), Regulating the function of the liver and the flow of qi(調肝理氣), Regulating the stomach and lowering the adverse flow(和胃降逆), and the treatment can be approached in several ways through herb drugs, acupuncture. Some of the herb drugs have substances which promote gastric and small intestinal emptying. Acupuncture and moxibustion therapies stimulate the meridian points of LR(足厥陰肝經), ST(足陽明胃經), LI(手陽明腸經), SI(手太陽小腸經) and is reported to be effective for releafing syndromes. Anal therapy, attachment of herb drug to umbilicus are annunced as the effective treatments. So, this study of the approach and application of these treatments on IBS would be necessary.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.82-88
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• 2005

A new medical system was started in Korea in 2000 and pharmaceutical affairs law was revised in 2001. According to the revised law, generic substitution is permitted only to therapeutically equivalent generic product. Bioequivalence studies are usually used to demonstrate therapeutic equivalence between reference listed drugs and generic drugs. The issues that are recently heating up in Korea are to increase bioequivalent drug products and at the same time to ensure the credibility of the therapeutic equivalence of generic drugs. Sometimes food can change the bioavailability (BA) of a drug and influence the bioequivalence (BE) between test and reference products as well. Food effects on BA can have clinically significant consequences. Food can alter BA by various means including delaying gastric emptying, stimulating bile flow and changing gastointestinal pH. This paper provides the recently published Korean guideline on food-effect BA and fed BE studies.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.386-392
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• 2006

Pramlintide, a synthetic analogue of human hormone amylin, is the first of a new class of amylinomimetic compounds. Present study was undertaken to compile and analyze the clinical trials of pramlintide, and thereby to facilitate the design of the bridging study for the earlier introduction of the drug, which might be needed by diabetes patients in Korea. Sixty-two articles from Pubmed and MEDLINE search were used to analyze the trials of pramlintide along with prescribing information and New Drug Application packet obtained form the manufacturer. The efficacy of the new drug was attributed to three mechanisms: delay of gastric emptying time, inhibition of post-prandial glucagon secretion, and reduction of food intake by enhanced satiety. Clinical trials consistently identified the effectiveness of the drug for the treatment of type 1and type 2 diabetes who have failed to achieve glycemic control despite optimal therapy with insulin. However, the six pivotal Phase III clinical trials were peformed with mostly caucasian and some black and hispanic people. None of the trials documented the proportion of either Asian or Korean participants. Since Korean diabetes patients show different epidemiology and characteristics in their disease state, it appears that the bridging study of pramlintide should be designed in the level of full scale Phase III clinical trial along with pharmacokinetic and pbarmacodynamic studies.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.507-515
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• 2021

Postoperative ileus (POI), a symptom that occurs after abdominal surgery, reduces gastrointestinal motility. Although its mechanism is unclear, POI symptoms are known to be caused by inflammation 6 to 72 h after surgery. As proton pump inhibitors exhibit protective effect against acute inflammation, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ilaprazole on a POI rat model. POI was induced in rats by abdominal surgery. Rats were divided into six groups: control: normal rat + 0.5% CMC-Na, vehicle: POI rat + 0.5% CMC-Na, mosapride: POI rat + mosapride 2 mg/kg, ilaprazole 1 mg/kg: POI rat + ilaprazole 1 mg/kg, ilaprazole 3 mg/kg: POI rat + ilaprazole 3 mg/kg, and ilaprazole 10 mg/kg: POI rat + ilaprazole 10 mg/kg. Gastrointestinal motility was confirmed by measuring gastric emptying (GE) and gastrointestinal transit (GIT). In the small intestine, inflammation was confirmed by measuring TNF-α and IL-1β; oxidative stress was confirmed by SOD, GSH, and MDA levels; and histological changes were observed by H&E staining. Based on the findings, GE and GIT were decreased in the vehicle group and improved in the ilaprazole 10 mg/kg group. In the ilaprazole 10 mg/kg group, TNF-α and IL-1β levels were decreased, SOD and GSH levels were increased, and MDA levels were decreased. Histological damage was also reduced in the ilaprazole-treated groups. These findings suggest that ilaprazole prevents the decrease in gastrointestinal motility, a major symptom of postoperative ileus, and reduces inflammation and oxidative stress.