• Acta Via Serica
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.29-59
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• 2019

As 'a total social fact,' drinks and drinking may serve as a lens through which we can view a distant society. Although not frequently discussed, drinking vessels serve the same function for accessing a past world hidden or forgotten behind written records. The present article is an art history attempt to seek a cultural link between liquor vessels used in medieval Korea and the political and social change of the period. The Goryeo period (918-1392) saw an unprecedented abundance of drinking vessels in various forms and decorations. Goryeo artisans and craftsmen produced ewers, pitchers, flasks, bottles, and others in addition to the pre-existing shapes of vessels mainly consisting of jars and bowls. I argue that this sudden burst of creativity during the Goryeo period was closely related to Goryeo's constant and diverse contacts with foreign powers. Their zone of international connections was not confined to the Chinese world, as we have commonly presumed. Even before the Mongol intervention, Goryeo was in contact with regions beyond East Asia through the northern nomadic states. Khitan Liao was recorded as having worked as a kind of international intermediary to link the Chinese and Islamic worlds. This medieval global culture became a norm in Goryeo society when it became an important part of the Mongol Empire. These nomadic powers brought global trends to Goryeo, and foreign drinks were among them; kumis, araq, and grape wines are just three cases of them discussed in this article. The change of alcoholic drinks led to, or was accompanied by, a new range of drinking vessels. Three types of ewers, familiar to East Asian consumers but foreign in their origin, are discussed in the main text to highlight such social change. Three more cases of drinking cups are also presented. The article shows that medieval Korean society was far more open to international art and culture than our usual understanding, and in their drinking vessels, Goryeo culture embraced global trends reaching China, the Islamic world and Europe.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.585-601
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to examine the change of Korean land transportation system and pattern during 1905-1911 concentrated on road construction so-caued ‘Sinjak-ro’. As conclusions, modem road or ‘Sinjak-ro’ started from modem port to inner hinterland where economic resource or regional center located. A trunk railroad running through Korea Peninsula from Busan to Sinuiju(border between China) is opened its complete operation in 1906 by Japanese investment, when no ‘Sinjak-ro’ road construction begun. Thus from the beginning, railroad station also became important starting point of ‘Sinjak-ro’ as seaports. Before the Japanese annexation of Korea, the ‘Sinjak-ro’ road was constructed mainly between seaport or station, where Japanese commercial settlement located, and hinterlands to help their economic invasion. This study could not deal with other modem transportation systems such as railroads and waterways. It is necessary to examine whole changes of modern transportation systems in this age so that we would comprehend modernization feature of Korea from the viewpoint of transportation history.

• Journal of East-Asian Urban History
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.113-128
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• 2020

Right before the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1937-1954), the Great Eastern Broadcasting Station (GEBS) was established in Shanghai under the aegis of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MOFA). Prior to the launching of the GEBS, Japan had not owned similar radio stations in China for years. As a result, the Embassy of Japan in China held rounds of discussions on the plan and Japanese governments, ranging from the MOFA, the Navy, the Army, the Ministry of Communications (MOC), and NHK-Japan Broadcasting Corporation (Nihon Hoso Kyoku) provided financial, technological, and equipment support. In the mid-1930s when the Sino-Japanese relations became intensified, the GEBS assumed the primary role of disseminating government policies to over 30,000 Japanese expatriates in Shanghai to make sure that they could remain settled while supporting military endeavors of the Japanese army once the war between China and Japanese broke out. After 1937, the GEBS became an essential propaganda tool to advance imperial policies of Japan. Although the station differed from the Army-controlled Greater Shanghai Broadcasting Station (Dai Shanhai Hoso Kyoku) in many aspects, it was in line with the latter in terms of advancing wartime ideology of the Japanese empire. As the Japanese-occupied areas were enlarged, target audience of the GEBS also expanded to Chinese people and foreign nationals when Japanese, English, Russian, and Shanghai-dialect news was broadcast by the station. Suffice it to say that the GEBS was closely related to wartime propaganda of the Japanese imperial expansion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.31
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• pp.61-73
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• 1997

Kon-myuh was worn by the ancient Chinese and Korean rulers as ceremonial dress during special rituals such as worshipping heaven and ancestors marriage or funerals. kon-myun consists of two major parts-Myun and kon-bok (the main bodypiece) as well as other articles of clothing(skirt footgear etc), There were regulations set in ancient books describing in detail the make of the kon-myun number of ryu and symbol to be used all which applied to each ruler depending on rank and status. This study is aimed at examining the consistency of the korean and Chinese in following the regula-tions as seen in relics which have been recovered from the past. Based on historical findings it seems that Korean Kon-myun came to Korea from China during the Three Kingdoms period. It was also worn in the Koryo and Chosun Dynas-ties and the Taehan Empire. In studying Konmyun in Korea the researcher studied a book from the early Chosun dynasty, Kukjo-oryeuiseory and a book from the late Chosun Dynasty Kukjo-sangrye-bopyun to find the guidelines and rules applying to the Kon-myun tradition. Slight difference were found across time in the supplementary articles of clothing as seen in Uigwe Pokwan-doseols explanations and drawings of Kon-myun. The researcher used uigwes of funerals of kings of the Chosun Dynasty and observed change over this period of time. However there was a clear consist-ency: the king's Kon-myun consisted of 9ryu-myun 9chang-bok while that of the prince consisted of 8ryu-myun 7chang-bok. For the Taechan Empire the researcher used Tae-han Yae-jun which shows the emperor's kon-myun to have consisted of 12ryu-myun 12chang-bok. To study how the regulations were put into practice relics were uncovered from the periods being studied. A portrait of King Ik-Jong remnants from King Ko-jong's Kon-bok and a photograph of Emperor Sun-jong all were in close adherence to the regulations outlined in the books. In China Kon-myun was worn by emperors from the Han to the Ching Dynastices. The researcher investigated Kon-myun es-pecially in the Ming Dynasty. The Kon-myun regulations as read in Tai-ming-hui-chan changed through all four periods. To study the faithfulness of practice to low Ding-ling the tomb of Emperor Shin-jong who ruled during a period of the Ming Dynasty was unearthed and the remains of the Emperor's Kon-myun were analyzed. The Kon-myun consisted of 12ryu-myuh 18chang-bok and there were other differences I color symbols and wearing method when compared to the regulations. It can be concluded that the Chinese Kon-myun tradition was not in strict adher-ence to the regulations established by law books. This is in contrast to the Korean Kon-myun tradition which showed little devi-ation. Further study is needed to understand why there was this difference in tradition and ritual.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-28
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• 2022

The province of the People's Republic of China, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has historically been known under various names - Eastern Turkestan, Chinese Turkestan, Kashgaria, etc. In the early 19^th century this region was one of the least explored in Western scholarship and for the influence over which the so-called 'Great Game', geopolitical rivalry between Great Britain and the Russian Empire, gradually unfolded. This rivalry was one of the significant factors stimulating increased interest in an in-depth and comprehensive study of the geography, nature, and population of Kashgaria. Accordingly, in the second half of the 19^th to early 20^th centuries, several expeditions were organized that pursued serious academic goals alongside military, diplomatic, and commercial purposes. One of these expeditions, organized by the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, was the so-called 'Tibetan expedition' led by a talented scientist and military figure M.V. Pevtsov in 1889-90. The expedition followed the routes of Eastern Turkestan, the northern outskirts of the Tibetan Plateau, and Dzungaria studying this vast region's geography, topography, nature, climate, and population. The results of this investigation were presented by M.V. Pevtsov in a detailed and comprehensive report published in St. Petersburg in 1895. An important part of this narrative is the so-called "Ethnographic Essay of Kashgaria," which reflects the author's observations and thoughts on this region's ethnic composition, religious beliefs, language, customs, and rituals. This article offers insights and analysis of the content of Pevtsov's report, which provides valuable information about the daily life of the population of Kashgaria at the end of the 19^th century to an English-speaking audience.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.6
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• pp.1-46
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• 2003

During the ancient times, there was no separative judicial system and administrative , legislative and judiciary functions were ultimately concentrated in the all-powerful monarch. And the three states developed state organization , adopting hieratical structures and placing at the pinnacle . State Codes were promulgated to initiate a legal system to rule the people, these codes instituted under influence of China codes. The people tradition sees crime control as the preservation of the authority of hereditary rulers. In the period of the Koryeo dynasty, government accepted a serious of detailed penal code from Tang dynasty . Legal response to crime stressed preservation of the dynasty rather than making citizen behave according to certain rules. In the period of Early Joseon , the compilation of Grand Code for state administration was initiated, the Kyeongkuk Taejeon ,became comer stone of the dynastic administration and provided the monarchial system with a sort of constitutional law in written form. This national code was in portant means of criminal policy at that time, Late Joseon , the impact of Western culture entering through China gave further impetus to pragmatic studies which called for socio-economic reforms and readjustment. Approach to criminal justice policy emphasized more equitable operation of the criminal justice system ,rehabilitation and crime control. Korea-Japanese Treaty concluded on 22 August ,1910 and proclaim a week later ,Japan gave the coup de grace to the Korea Empire and changed the office of the Resident - General into the Government - General . Thus korean criminal policy were lost during a dark ages ,which lasted for 36 years after fall of Joseon Dynasty (the colnial period,1910${\sim}$1945). After 1945 Korea's liberation from Japanese colonial rule, the occupation of devided Korea by the United States and Soviet Union frustrated the efforts of Koreans to establish an independent government, and the transplantation of two conflicting political ideologies to south and the north of the 38th parallel further intensified the national split. U.S. military government office occupied the south of the 38 the parallel and placed emphasis on democracy of criminal policy. ln 1948, the U.S. military government handed over to the ROK government its administrative authority.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.63-76
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• 2023

Homogot Lighthouse is located in Pohang of the easternmost of Korean Peninsula. Homogot has become first known as Cape Clonard in the West through the navigation log by La Perouse, a Frenchman who embarked on a global exploration in 1785. Homogot Lighthouse represents an outstanding accomplishment of modernization that numerous civilized countries scrambled to attain in the early 20^th century. Located where the geographical risk of earthquakes is high, the structure was nonetheless built to be 26.4m high with brick masonry. Structurally safe and aesthetically graceful, it demonstrates neoclassical ideas superbly in terms of style as well. Although the history of Asian lighthouses is shorter than that of European ones. Homogot Lighthouse, which demonstrates the history of a modern lighthouse along with those in Japan and China, is differentiated by the following characteristics. ① The 'living lighthouse heritage' is linked to one of the largest lighthouse museum in the world. ② Where you can see the earliest sunrise at the easternmost of the Eurasian Continent. ③ The completion of a modern-style lighthouse constructed at the easternmost of the Far East after being initiated in Europe. ④ Differentiated historical, architectural, and aesthetic value. ⑤ The heart of the national marine park.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.31-44
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• 2019

A graph theoretical model called Roman domination in graphs originates from the historical background that any undefended place (with no legions) of the Roman Empire must be protected by a stronger neighbor place (having two legions). It is applicable to military and commercial decision-making problems. A Roman dominating function for a graph G = (V, E) is a function $f:V{\rightarrow}\{0,1,2\}$ such that every vertex v with f(v)=0 has at least a neighbor w in G for which f(w)=2. The Roman domination number of a graph is the minimum weight ${\sum}_{v{\in}V}\;f(v)$ of a Roman dominating function. In order to deal a problem of a Roman domination-type defensive strategy under multiple simultaneous attacks, ${\acute{A}}lvarez$-Ruiz et al. [1] initiated the study of a new parameter related to Roman dominating function, which is called strong Roman domination. ${\acute{A}}lvarez$-Ruiz et al. posed the following problem: Characterize the graphs G with equal strong Roman domination number and Roman domination number. In this paper, we construct a family of trees. We prove that for a tree, its strong Roman dominance number and Roman dominance number are equal if and only if the tree belongs to this family of trees.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.937-954
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• 2008

The Gollyongpo was worn by the King and the Crown Prince in Joseon dynasty as an ordinary wear. The research on the Gollyongpo is focused on the historic record of Joseon dynasty, Joseonwangjosillok. This study will analyze literature, paintings and relics. First, I have researched Ming's(China) representative document daminghuidian, and excavated relics from the tomb dingling. I examined the usage and characteristic, through various remaining literature data, artifacts and paintings. The Gollyongpo was worn for the various ceremonies as well as an ordinary wear. According to the periode, the style and color had changed. The King wore the red Gollyongpo with 5 clawed dragon pattern, the Crown Prince wore black one with 4 clawed pattern, and the eldest son of the Crown Prince wore black one with 3 clawed dragon emblem. After the Daehan Empire, the Emperor wore gold outfit and the Crown Prince wore red outfit. Sonyongpo recorded in the Gungjungbalgi is concerned as Gollyongpo with narrow straight sleeve, one of the Sejong University Museum's Collection. There is some Possibility that the Gollyongpo painted in Bongsado is woven with dragon design, I would leave this matter for next research task.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.67-90
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• 2024

India, Southeast Asia in general, and Siam in particular share a long history of cultural and commercial relations. Located in each other's extended neighbourhood, India and Thailand have a shared maritime boundary in the Andaman Sea. Situated in the strategic position, midway between West Asia on the one hand and East Asia on the other, India and Siam combined played a significant role in the maritime transactions in Asia and beyond. The geographical proximity between India and Siam led to multifaceted maritime interactions and exchanges. Siam was in the Indian sphere of cultural, religious, philosophical, technical, and linguistic influence much before the Common Era. The cultural and mercantile networks between India and Siam are well-attested by archaeological and literary sources. The archaeological findings in Siam and other Southeast Asian countries have revealed the dynamic trade and cultural exchange between India and Southeast Asia since the pre-Common Era. The Takola (modern Takua Pa) area served as a more suitable landing place for Indian merchants and there existed the settlement of the Indian mercantile community. Ligor (Nakhon Si Thammarat), Jaya (Chaiya), Patalung (Phatalung), U Thong, Ban Don Tha Pet, Ban U Taphao, Khao Sam Kaeo, and many other sites in Siam have brought to light a large variety of objects which demonstrate that ancient Siam had close mercantile contact with India as well as the Mediterranean world and China. The paper discusses in detail the cultural and trade links between India and Siam and their impact on the Maritime Silk Road.