• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2001

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the relationship between gastric emptying, psychopathology(especially anxiety and depression), and various factors that can mediate stress and response, such as coping style, social support and level of perceived stress. Methods : A total 30 patients who complained of the non-ulcer dyspepsia and did not have any abnormal finding on the gastroduodenal endoscopic examination, 24 hour ambulatory esophageal manometry and conventional gastroesophageal manometry were tested with gastric emptying that would be a functional examination of stomach. The correlations between the gastric emptying and psychological vaiable such as quantity of perceived stress, Symptom Checklist-90-Revision(SCL-90-R), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Spielberger Stait-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI), Ways of Coping Checklist and Interpersonal Support Evaluation List were evaluated. Results : 1) The mean and standard deviation of the time for half of the meal to empty(T50%) was $118.50{\pm}23.64$ minute which showed no gastric stasis in terms of gastric emptying test. 2) There were significant positive correlations between T50% and the state anxiety, T50% and thedepression. 3) There was no significant correlation between T50% and the quantity of perceived stress, T50% and mediating factors(coping style and social support). Conclusion : These results suggested that psychopathology, especially emotional components such as depression and anxiety, could affect on the current physiological functional gastric activity(gastric emptying), but quantity of perceive stress and mediating factors of stress and response such as coping style and social support could not affected on the functional gastric activity. These results showed that psychological interventions should considered in management of the patients with functional dyspepia.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2013

This case focuses on Shanghai Tang, the first truly Chinese luxury brand that appeals to both Westerners and, more recently, to Chinese consumers worldwide. A visionary and wealthy businessman Sir David Tang created this company from scratch in 1994 in Hong Kong. Its story, spanned over almost two decades, has been fascinating. It went from what best a Chinese brand could be in the eyes of Westerners who love the Chinese culture, to a nearly-bankrupted company in 1998, before being acquired by Richemont, the second largest luxury group in the world. Since then, its turnaround has been spectacular with a growing appeal among Chinese luxury consumers who represent the core segment of the luxury industry today. The main objective of this case study is to formally examine how Shanghai Tang overcame its downfall and re-emerged as one the very few well- known Chinese luxury brands. More specifically, this case highlights the ways with which Shanghai Tang made a transitional change from a brand for Westerners who love the Chinese culture, to a brand for both, Westerners who love the Chinese culture and Chinese who love luxury. A close examination reveals that Shanghai Tang has followed the brand identity concept that consists of two major components: functional and emotional. The functional component for developing a luxury brand concerns all product characteristics that will make a product 'luxurious' in the eyes of the consumer, such as premium quality of cachemire from Mongolia, Chinese silk, lacquer, finest leather, porcelain, and jade in the case of Shanghai Tang. The emotional component consists of non-functional symbolic meanings of a brand. The symbolic meaning marks the major difference between a premium and a luxury brand. In the case of Shanghai Tang, its symbolic meaning refers to the Chinese culture and the brand aims to represent the best of Chinese traditions and establish itself as "the ambassador of modern Chinese style". It touches the Chinese heritage and emotions. Shanghai Tang has reinvented the modern Chinese chic by drawing back to the stylish decadence of Shanghai in the 1930s, which was then called the "Paris of the East", and this is where the brand finds inspiration to create its own myth. Once the functional and emotional components assured, Shanghai Tang has gone through a four-stage development to become the first global Chinese luxury brand: introduction, deepening, expansion, and revitalization. Introduction: David Tang discovered a market gap and had a vision to launch the first Chinese luxury brand to the world. The key success drivers for the introduction and management of a Chinese luxury brand are a solid brand identity and, above all, a creative mind, an inspired person. This was David Tang then, and this is now Raphael Le Masne de Chermont, the current Executive Chairman. Shanghai Tang combines Chinese and Western elements, which it finds to be the most sustainable platform for drawing consumers. Deepening: A major objective of the next phase is to become recognized as a luxury brand and a fashion or design authority. For this purpose, Shanghai Tang has cooperated with other well-regarded luxury and lifestyle brands such as Puma and Swarovski. It also expanded its product lines from high-end custom-made garments to music CDs and restaurant. Expansion: After the opening of his first store in Hong Kong in 1994, David Tang went on to open his second store in New York City three years later. However this New York retail operation was a financial disaster. Barely nineteen months after the opening, the store was shut down and quietly relocated to a cheaper location of Madison Avenue. Despite this failure, Shanghai Tang products found numerous followers especially among Western tourists and became "souvenir-like" must-haves. However, despite its strong brand DNA, the brand did not generate enough repeated sales and over the years the company cumulated heavy debts and became unprofitable. Revitalizing: After its purchase by Richemont in 1998, Le Masne de Chermont was appointed to lead the company, reposition the brand and undertake some major strategic changes such as revising the "Shanghai Tang" designs to appeal not only to Westerners but also to Chinese consumers, and to open new stores around the world. Since then, Shanghai Tang has become synonymous to a modern Chinese luxury lifestyle brand.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 2010

Today, the fashion market challenged by a maturing retail market needs a new paradigm in the "evolution of brand" to improve their comparative advantages. An important issue in fashion marketing is lifestyle brand extension with a specific aim to meet consumers' specific needs for their changing lifestyle. For fashion brand extensions into lifestyle product categories, Gen Y and Baby Boomer are emerging as "prospects"-Baby Boomers who are renovating their lifestyle, and generation Y experiencing changes in their life stage-with demands for buying new products. Therefore, it is imperative that apparel companies pay special attention to the consumer cohort for brand extension to create and manage their brand equity in a new product category. The purposes of this study are to (a) evaluate brand equity between parent and extension brands; (b) identify consumers' perceived marketing elements for brand extension; and (c) estimate a structural equation model for examining causative relationship between marketing elements and brand equity for brand extensions in lifestyle product category including home fashion items for the selected two groups (e.g., Gen Y, and Baby boomer). For theoretical frameworks, this study focused on the traditional marketing 4P's mix to identify what marketing element is more importantly related to brand extension equity for this study. It is assumed that comparable marketing capability can be critical to establish "brand extension equity", leads to successfully entering the new categories. Drawing from the relevant literature, this study developed research hypotheses incorporating brand equity factors and marketing elements by focusing on the selected consumers (e.g., Gen Y, Baby Boomer). In the context of brand extension in the lifestyle products, constructs of brand equity consist of brand awareness/association, brand perceptions (e.g., perceived quality, emotional value) and brand resonance adapted from CBBE factors (Keller, 2001). It is postulated that the marketing elements create brand extension equity in terms of brand awareness/association, brand perceptions by the brand extension into lifestyle products, which in turn influence brand resonance. For data collection, the sample was comprised of Korean female consumers in Gen Y and Baby Boomer consumer categories who have a high demand for lifestyle products due to changing their lifecycles. A total of 651 usable questionnaires were obtained from female consumers of Gen Y (n=326) and Baby Boomer (n=325) in South Korea. Structural and measurement models using a correlation matrix was estimated using LISREL 8.8. Findings indicated that perceived marketing elements for brand extension consisted of three factors: price/store image, product, and advertising. In the model of Gen Y consumers, price/store image had a positive effect on brand equity factors (e.g., brand awareness/association, perceived quality), while product had positive effect on emotional value in the brand extensions; and the brand awareness/association was likely to increase the perceived quality and emotional value, leading to brand resonance for brand extensions in the lifestyle products. In the model of Baby Boomer consumers, price/store image had a positive effect on perceived quality, which created brand resonance of brand extension; and product had a positive effect on perceived quality and emotional value, which leads to brand resonance for brand extension in the lifestyle products. However, advertising was negatively related to brand equity for both groups. This study provides an insight for fashion marketers in developing a successful brand extension strategy, leading to a sustainable competitive advantage. This study complements and extends prior works in the brand extension through critical factors of marketing efforts that affect brand extension success. Findings support a synergy effect on leveraging of fashion brand extensions (Aaker and Keller, 1990; Tauber, 1988; Shine et al., 2007; Pitta and Katsanis, 1995) in conjunction with marketing actions for entering into the new product category. Thus, it is recommended that marketers targeting both Gen Y and Baby Boomer can reduce marketing cost for entering the new product category (e.g., home furnishings) by standardized marketing efforts; fashion marketers can (a) offer extension lines with premium ranges of price; (b) place an emphasis on upscale features of store image positioning by a retail channel (e.g., specialty department store) in Korea, and (c) combine apparel with lifestyle product assortments including innovative style and designer’s limited editions. With respect to brand equity, a key to successful brand extension is consumers’ brand awareness or association that ensures brand identity with new product category. It is imperative for marketers to have knowledge of what contributes to more concrete associations in a market entry into new product categories. For fashion brands, a second key of brand extension can be a "luxury" lifestyle approach into new product categories, in that higher price or store image had impact on perceived quality that established brand resonance. More importantly, this study increases the theoretical understanding of brand extension and suggests directions for marketers as they establish marketing program at Gen Y and Baby Boomers.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.101-123
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• 2012

Currently, Social Media, it has widely a renown keyword and its related social trends and businesses have been fastly applied into various contexts. Social media has become an important research area for scholars interested in online technologies and cyber space and their social impacts. Social media is not only including web-based services but also mobile-based application services that allow people to share various style information and knowledge through online connection. Social media users have tendency to common identity- and bond-attachment through interactions such as 'thumbs up', 'reply note', 'forwarding', which may have driven from various factors and may result in delivering information, sharing knowledge, and specific experiences et al. Even further, almost of all social media sites provide and connect unknown strangers depending on shared interests, political views, or enjoyable activities, and other stuffs incorporating the creation of contents, which provides benefits to users. As fast developing digital devices including smartphone, tablet PC, internet based blogging, and photo and video clips, scholars desperately have began to study regarding diverse issues connecting human beings' motivations and the behavioral results which may be articulated by the format of antecedents as well as consequences related to contents that people create via social media. Social media such as Facebook, Twitter, or Cyworld users are more and more getting close each other and build up their relationships by a different style. In this sense, people use social media as tools for maintain pre-existing network, creating new people socially, and at the same time, explicitly find some business opportunities using personal and unlimited public networks. In terms of theory in explaining this phenomenon, social capital is a concept that describes the benefits one receives from one's relationship with others. Thereby, social media use is closely related to the form and connected of people, which is a bridge that can be able to achieve informational benefits of a heterogeneous network of people and common identity- and bonding-attachment which emphasizes emotional benefits from community members or friend group. Social capital would be resources accumulated through the relationships among people, which can be considered as an investment in social relations with expected returns and may achieve benefits from the greater access to and use of resources embedded in social networks. Social media using for their social capital has vastly been adopted in a cyber world, however, there has been little explaining the phenomenon theoretically how people may take advantages or opportunities through interaction among people, why people may interactively give willingness to help or their answers. The individual consciously express themselves in an online space, so called, common identity- or bonding-attachments. Common-identity attachment is the focus of the weak ties, which are loose connections between individuals who may provide useful information or new perspectives for one another but typically not emotional support, whereas common-bonding attachment is explained that between individuals in tightly-knit, emotionally close relationship such as family and close friends. The common identify- and bonding-attachment are mainly studying on-offline setting, which individual convey an impression to others that are expressed to own interest to others. Thus, individuals expect to meet other people and are trying to behave self-presentation engaging in opposite partners accordingly. As developing social media, individuals are motivated to disclose self-disclosures of open and honest using diverse cues such as verbal and nonverbal and pictorial and video files to their friends as well as passing strangers. Social media context, common identity- and bond-attachment for self-presentation seems different compared with face-to-face context. In the realm of social media, social users look for self-impression by posting text messages, pictures, video files. Under the digital environments, people interact to work, shop, learn, entertain, and be played. Social media provides increasingly the kinds of intention and behavior in online. Typically, identity and bond social capital through self-presentation is the intentional and tangible component of identity. At social media, people try to engage in others via a desired impression, which can maintain through performing coherent and complementary communications including displaying signs, symbols, brands made of digital stuffs(information, interest, pictures, etc,). In marketing area, consumers traditionally show common-identity as they select clothes, hairstyles, automobiles, logos, and so on, to impress others in any given context in a shopping mall or opera. To examine these social capital and attachment, we combined a social capital theory with an attachment theory into our research model. Our research model focuses on the common identity- and bond-attachment how they are formulated through social capitals: cognitive capital, structural capital, relational capital, and individual characteristics. Thus, we examined that individual online kindness, self-rated expertise, and social relation influence to build common identity- and bond-attachment, and the attachment effects make an impact on both the willingness to help, however, common bond seems not to show directly impact on information sharing. As a result, we discover that the social capital and attachment theories are mainly applicable to the context of social media and usage in the individual networks. We collected sample data of 256 who are using social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Cyworld and analyzed the suggested hypotheses through the Structural Equation Model by AMOS. This study analyzes the direct and indirect relationship between the social network service usage and outcomes. Antecedents of kindness, confidence of knowledge, social relations are significantly affected to the mediators common identity-and bond attachments, however, interestingly, network externality does not impact, which we assumed that a size of network was a negative because group members would not significantly contribute if the members do not intend to actively interact with each other. The mediating variables had a positive effect on toward willingness to help. Further, common identity attachment has stronger significant on shared information.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.705-717
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• 1998

Ostomates have suffered from many difficulties due to their physical, psychosocial handicaps and changes of life style to include ostoma management that influences their daily and quality of life. An appropriate nursing education for ostoma management is very important. Practical educational materials needs revision because those were developed by pharmaceutical companies and hospital institutions. The purpose of this study is to provide more practical and reasonable education materials for ostomates by doing analysis and survey of educational materials now being used. We surveyed 8 types of educational materials used in 23 university hospitals and medical centers in Seoul ; four of them were developed by department of nursing and the remainder by an Ostomy Company Data, collected from July 14, 1997 through July 31, 1997 were analyzed. The results are as follows ; 1. The analysis of education guide, on ostomate included 14 subcategories : introduction, structure and function of gastrointestinal tracts, definition of stoma, types of ostomy, definition of peristalsis, methods of defecation management, selection of instrument, resolution of problems and general situations following surgery, daily life, where to ask for help, explanations for terms, information about where to buy instrument, explanations for enterostomal therapist, a matter of consultation with doctor, etc. 2. Introduction contained specific contents on practical ostomate management that ostomates would experience through their lives. Ostomate education guides were developed 3 hospitals except one which missed this point. 3. Most ostomate education guides, except one hospital, helped ostomates to understand their physical structure changes with specific explanations on gastrointestinal tracts with figures. 4. Six institutions did not talk about the definition of peristalsis. 5. All institutions, except two, helped ostomates to understand types of ostomy with figures. 6. More detailed explanations on natural defecation are needed. The benefits and pitfalls of natural defecation should be more specified. 7 No psychosocial difficulties of ostomy management were addressed. 8. The efficiency of enema can be better understood through all explanations with figures. Some institutions did not mention items about definition, benefits, pitfalls of enema, sequency of enema, how to wash, cautions performing and enema, skin management, cleaning instrument after enema proper time to spend. 9. There were no detailed contents and what to do in case of not being able to do enema. 10. Only one educational material mentioned emotional aspects after the surgrey. 11. Most institutions explained subcategory of daily life but did not provide specific contents on the difficulties of physical, psychological, and sociocultural controls. 12. The subcategory of ureterostomy education guides included explanations on normal structure and function of urinary tracts, types of ureterostomy, how to manage skin, usage and types of instrument, commercial urostomy, how to manage instrument, daily life, introduced the general contents. However, more specific explanations were needed.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.109-120
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• 2001

This study has been done in order to help the people understand the cancer patients and provide the basic materials for the care of cancer patients by deeply understanding the living experience of the practice of alternative therapy for cancer patients. Data were collected with several in depth interviews and observations. Collected datas were analyzed by using phenomenological method of study by Giorgi (1970). The trial experience of alternative therapy for cancer patients has been classified into the one of having concerns, following, being infatuated, and coming out by pushing, and the experience of having concerns appeared as the meaning of the limit of modern medicine, despair, loneliness. hope, emotional support. dissolution of the feeling of uneasiness. the feeling of burden of the medical expense, self-treating, the subject of treatment. and indifference while the experience of following appeared as the meaning of blind following, temptation, going outside to look for something, wandering. following unconditionally, advise of the professionals, mistaken belief. self-abandonment, powerlessness. disconnection of dialogue with the medical staff. elevation of immunity, strengthening the physical power, absence of the source of examined information, clinging, self-responsibility. the experience of being infatuated appeared as the meaning of thorough trial. affirmative experience. devotion. diverse efforts, faithful trial. affirmative self-suggestion. change of the style of life. the feeling of burden of expense, being envious, bitter feeling toward the family, considering family, family discords, and difficulty of enforcement. The experience of coming out by pushing appeared as the meaning of waiting. self-reflection. maintaining the distance. cutting attachment, throwing the greed away, coming out by pushing. being thoughtful. accepting disease. individual difference of physical quality, and ambivalence. But they return to the experience of being concerned all over again in case of recurrence or metastasis of the disease even though they come out of such stage, and they always have ambivalence even in the condition with no recurrence and metastasis. In conclusion, the trial of alternative therapy for cancer patients could be explained as the adaptive behavior to the disease which is difficult to be cured. the cancer. The cancer patients are exposed to the side effects and harm without the examined information resources. Therefore the nurse should well aware of the alternative therapy and be able to do the appropriative management through the open communication with the patients who are under the trial of alternative therapy.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.892-905
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• 2002

There are an increasing emphasis on affective domain, for example interest or belief, in science education. But decreasing interest on learning science and tendency to avoid science-related job are serious problems of secondary science education, especially in case of vocational high school students. However there are few researches for vocational high school students. In this study, preference for science is assumed to be a multidimensional property that reveals ones' behavioral volition and valuation as well as emotional response upon learning science. To investigate vocational high school students' preference for science and its causal factors, a Likert style questionnaire was developed through factor analysis. Students' preference for science was analyzed by 3 categories, and its causal factors are investigated by path analysis using structural equation model.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.134-144
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• 2011

Crossmedia Storytelling is receiving attention as a new style of description in the age of limitless competition and infinite fusion among media. Crossmedia Storytelling specifies a form of storytelling carried out through mixed usage of plural media, such as televisions, movies, and web services. It is different from OSMU strategy in that plays one source of contents according to the characteristics of various media while Crossmedia Storytelling demands users' active participation. Moreover, it is also slightly different from Transmedia Storytelling in the point that narratives of each media are not complete themselves and only through effectively combining plural media can the whole story fully enjoyed. This research aims to analyze how users move among media in terms of Crossmedia contents by examining cases of Swedish interactive drama series , from Australia, and from the United States. To do so, first, the paper looks into the principles of Crossmedia communication and examines that it is based on online word-of-mouth communication, such as viral marketing. As a result, the following was found in the cases of Crossmedia Storytelling: negative stories that arouse users' emotional reactions & users' participation are effective, and the set-up of Sneezer, which causes the knowledge gap, is very important. It was also found that users' participation was actively taking place through online WOM communication in Crossmedia Storytelling.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.269-290
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• 2000

This study was conducted to inquire about the view on childrearing of university women for the purpose of building up the positive parent- child relationship and setting up preliminary parenting education program. The subjects were 137 university women who were freshmen to junior in one women's university in Seoul. Using the self-report questionnaire, data were collected from December in 1998 to March in 1999 and the contents which subjects wrote down were categorized by content analysis method. The results were as followed: 1. The age range of subjects were 20-22 years and main rearer was her mother(71.5%) 2. The view of subjects were revealed by 374 statements and then tied together 34 themes: 'exemplary parent model as a guider'(8.6%), 'determination for oneself' (8.0%), 'expression of love'(6.2%), 'humanity education'(4.8%), 'carrot and stick'(4.5%), 'respect of personality'(4.3%), 'sound living habit'(4.1%), 'conversation'(3.7%), 'regulation of greediness' (3.7%), 'supply of live experience'(3.7%), 'supply of broad and substantial vision'(3.5%), 'free choice'(3.5%), 'broad-mindedness'(3.5%), 'consideration'(3.0%), 'doing together'(3.0%), 'propriety education' (2.4%), 'pursuit of naturalness'(2.4%), 'looking for one's life'(2.4%), 'confidence'(2.1%), 'rearing by oneself'(2.1%), 'encouragement'(2.1%), 'cultivation of right sexual senses'(2.1%), 'desirable home environment'(1.9%), 'doing one's best'(1.9%), 'understanding'(1.6%), 'psychological intimacy'(1.6%), 'treat fair'(1.6%), 'pursuit of physical, psychological health' (1.6%), 'concerning'(1.3%), 'religious life'(1.3%), 'respect of individuality'(1.3%), 'cooperation' (1.1%), 'often-minded family'(0.8%), 'positive attitude'(0.8%). 34 themes were categorized by 12 categories once more: 'mature parenthood'(15.5%), 'acceptance' (11.5%), 'autonomy'(11.5%), 'pursuit of healthy life style'(9.4%), 'eagerness'(9.1%), 'making efforts'(8.8%), 'education'(8.8%), 'emotional bonding' (7.8%), 'respect'(7.2%), 'corporal punishment' (4.5%), 'supporting'(3.2%), 'composition of environment'(2.7%). In conclusion, we could expect that university women had a democratic view on childrearing with love and autonomy for a base. So we need to offer them nursing implementations such as preliminary parenting programs and parenting consulting in order to promote positive and interactional parent-child relationship by strengthening their desirable view on childrearing.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.46-57
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• 2001

This study was done to investigate of instrumental activities of daily living(IADL) and quality of life and their relationships between the elderly. Data were collected from 150 elderly home residents. The data were collected from December 1st to December 20th, 2000. Structured questionnaires developed by Lawton & Brody and by Ro were adopted to measure IADL and Quality of life. Data were analyzed for percentage, means, t-test, ANOVA and Parson correlation coefficients using the SPSS program. The results were as follows: 1. The average score of the level of IADL was $20.68{\pm}2.98$ ($M{\pm}SD$) with a range of 7-26. 2. The average score of the level of Quality of life was 2. $96{\pm}0.25$ ($M{\pm}SD$). In the average score of each lower area, highest score was 3.22 for neighbor relationship and family relationship and then 3.00 for self-esteem, 2.95 for economic status, 2.86 for emotional status, and 2.85, lowest score, for physical condition and function. 3. Comparing IADL and Quality of life with general characteristics, IADL showed that there were significant difference in age(t=2.927, p=0.036) and separated children contact frequency(t=2.482, p=0.046), while Quality of life showed that there were significant difference in spouse existence(t=2.334, p=0.021), religion(t=4.089, p=0.008), family style(t=3.285, p=0.040), children number living together(t=5.332, p=0.006), communication with separated children frequency(t=4.129, p=0.003), and separated children contact frequency(t=3.908, p=0.005). 4. There was also significant positive correlation between IADL and Quality of life. The above results show that neighbor relationship and family relationship which have greatly an influence on IADL and Quality of life are very important. The elderly should be helped to satisfy their basic desire and show their potential living together with the younger generation interdependently without being isolated from family and society. Therefore, the nursing strategy that enhance IADL and Quality of life are needed and the nursing strategy that can improve IADL and Quality of life of Elderly Home Residents should be developed.