• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.45-56
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• 2019

The regulation of emotion is known to mediate the relationship between emotion-relevant differences in individuals and their life outcomes. This study attempted to include a situational factor in addition to the mediation model and investigated whether this conditional component changed the patterns of indirect effects. The researchers recruited 180 emotional laborers working in diverse domains and used a questionnaire to ascertain their negative affectivity, cognitive reappraisal, emotional exhaustion, and the intensity of negative comments they usually received from customers. The results of the conditional indirect effect analysis revealed the positive indirect influence of negative affectivity on emotional exhaustion through cognitive reappraisal when emotional labors receive highly negative comments from customers (high intensity of the situation). Similarly, negative indirect effects were found when emotional labors receive slightly negative comments from customers (low intensity of the situation). The outcomes of this study suggest that cognitive reappraisal can mediate to decrease emotional exhaustion in contexts that arouse more intensive negative emotions; it can also mediate to increase emotional exhaustion in contexts that arouse less intensive negative emotions. The implications of this study include the importance of integrating individual differences with situational factors. The study also provides information about the distinctiveness of groups of emotional laborers.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.87-108
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• 2014

Recent examples of abuse by black consumers (including air travellers) against emotional laborers have become a serious social issue in Korea in that they are likely to violate human rights of those laborers. Emotional labor is a form of emotion regulation that creates a publicly visible facial and bodily display, and also emotional management within the workforce that creates a situation in which the emotion management by workers can be exchanged in the marketplace. Example professions that require emotional labor are: nurses, doctors, waiting staff, and television actors. However, as the economy moves from a manufacturing to a service-based economy, many more workers in a variety of occupational fields are expected to manage their emotions according to employer demands when compared to the past. One of symptoms deriving from emotional labor is smile mask syndrome abbreviated SMS, which is a psychological disorder proposed by professor Makoto Natsume where subjects develop depression and physical illness as a result of prolonged, unnatural smiling. And higher degree of using emotion regulation on the job is related to higher levels of employees' emotional exhaustion, and lower levels of employees' job satisfaction. In most part, emotional laborers are more abused and hurt by so called black consumers who are raising complaints relating to products and services purchased against service providers for the purpose of maliciously getting compensation. Against this background, the Korean Government abolished "the Consumer Protection Act" and instead promulgated "the Basic Consumer Act" in September 2006 which stipulates that consumers are expected to have protection as well as responsibility and duty. The Aviation Security Act cites the examples of prohibited behaviors (unruly passengers) while they are travelling. In addition, human rights of emotional laborers could be more protected by the enhancement of etiquettes and cavalry and improvement of culture and working environment.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.6071-6079
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of the emotional quotient of emotional laborers working in a social space on their vocational emotional satisfaction, including job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Research subjects were 58 registered nurses in care units at a University hospital located in K city of Korea and 48 Secondary schoolteachers. Data were collected from June 15 throughout June 22, 2014. Data were analyzed by SPSS 17.0 program, using statistical methods including Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression. It was found that there was a significant correlation between emotional quotient of emotional laborers, vocational emotional satisfaction, job satisfaction, organizational commitment. That is, the higher the emotional quotient of emotional laborers, the better the vocational emotional satisfaction, job satisfaction and the organizational commitment was. It could be the baseline data for providing working conditions and efficient system of emotional laborer.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.63-76
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• 2022

Emotional labor, characterized by a dysfunctional type of emotional regulation called surface acting, has detrimental psychological consequences on employees, including depression and social anxiety. Because such disorders exhibit psychological characteristics manifested through brain activation, previous studies have succeeded in distinguishing individuals with depression and social anxiety from healthy controls using their functional connectivity characteristics. However, it has not been established whether the functional connectivity characteristics associated with emotional labor are distinguishable. Thus, we obtained resting-state fMRI data from participants in the emotion labor (EL) group and control (CTRL) group, and we subjected their whole-brain functional connectivity matrices to a linear support vector machine classifier. Our analysis revealed that the EL and CTRL groups could be successfully distinguished on the basis of individuals' connectivity patterns, and confidence in the classification was correlated with the scores on the depression and social anxiety scales. These results are expected to provide insight on the neurobiological characteristics of emotional labor and enable the sorting of employees undergoing adverse emotional labor utilizing neurobiological observations.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.73-85
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• 2008

This study is based on an empirical study on consequences of emotions and emotional labor in the food-service industry. It analyzed the effect of emotional labor on emotions of emotional laborers and the effect of emotional labor on communication skills. Data used for analysis were collected through the questionnaire surveyed on the various samples including employees of family restaurants, Korean restaurants, Chinese restaurants, Japanese restaurants, etc. The result of data analysis indicated that only the efforts for emotional expressions among the factors influenced affirmative emotion(P-value=0.042). It also showed that the factor of the efforts for emotional expressions by researchers had a positive effect on both language communication skills and non-language communication skills(P-value=0.000). This study was valuable in the aspect that emotions and communication skills were first selected as dependent variables of emotional labor and it verified causality between emotional labor and these variables. However, it also has some limitations that its sample size was small and it depended on convenience sampling.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.130-137
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• 2015

In this study I made an analysis on the background of creating of Minimal Art and thought of its artists during 1950~1960 and their works. Starting from the early Modernism that tried to depict the life of farmers and laborers in the chaos of war and viewing the art as the tools describing the life itself, minimal art took its root as furniture in ordinary life passing through the era of Surrealism and Dadaism. In 20th century, furniture designers were trying to seek new trend of modern furniture in the perspective of balance and immaculateness while excluding emotion and overall feeling through minimalism. These efforts result in the introduction of immaculateness and refinement in furniture design. Hence, this study is to represent a new trend of furniture design utilizing the margin of furniture in complex lives through formative characteristics that minimal art beholds.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.43
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• pp.173-202
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• 2021

During the Korean War, China dispatched 'the Anti-US and Pro-Joseon Comfort' group to North Korea 3 times. The purpose of the comfort group was to comfort the Chinese People's Supporting Soldiers and Joseon People's Army fighting the US imperial forces and at the same time, inform them of China's situation to booster their morale. Another purpose was to promote the socialism construction projects in the new China. Namely, China wanted to propagate various heroic achievements of the Chinese soldiers and accuse the US imperialist soldiers and thereby, inspire Chinese people's international sense and patriotism for the new China to mobilize the people for the war and promote the construction of the new China effectively. The comfort group consisted of diverse classes (laborers, farmers, intellectuals, women, students, soldiers, etc.) in various areas such as politics, military, ethnic, society, culture, education, etc. Their activities were conducted in various forms such as consolation, legwork, meeting and performances. Their activities were full of anger and compassion, sacrifice and emotion, battle and romance, impression and comfort. Such emotion was delivered intact to the Chinese people through the comfort group's propaganda activities back home in China. The Anti-US and Pro-Joseon Comfort' group revealed their identity of socialists New China in terms of their organization and their specific performances. Their identity claimed for democracy and equality, internationalism empathizing world peace and solidarity of the proletariats, and patriotism supporting the communists regime. The comfort group played a role in propagating such identity of new China effectively by crossing the border. It was a political and cultural performance that stipulated the political meaning of the Anti-US and Pro-Joseon Chosun Comfort' group

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.75-82
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• 2011

Along with economic development, the service industry is growing as days go by. Therefore, companies should maximize customer satisfaction through continuous changes by providing services which are suitable for customer needs. The general service industry has a decisive effect on the rate of growth and profitability of a superior business. Therefore, many companies try to provide the best customer service to increase profitability. Because service to a customer is delivered through interactions with the employee, the employee's attitude has a strong influence on the customer's satisfaction level. For these, most service industries are required to provide new types of labor. It is often referred to 'Emotional Labor', and that is different from physical and mental labor. Service providers always provide a service for the customers with a smile, even though they conceal their emotions. The Purpose of this study is to identify theologically the fact of that Sales Workers at Department Stores emotional labor, according to the economization of service, has become to decide the predominance of competition among companies and represents the quality of service ; to confirm that their emotion management is a crucial part of the work; to identify the correlation among job stress and job satisfaction which are experienced in the process of performing display rules required by organization. To practice them, this study deals with the theological consideration of the emotional labor, job stress and job satisfaction. This study proceeded to evaluate how the emotional labor of sales workers at department stores effected on their job stress and satisfaction. The result of this study will be summarized below. First of all, the frequency of emotional display and attentiveness required to display emotions both have a similar effect on the level of job stress. In the case of the emotional dissonance, there isn't a great amount of proof that it effects the job stress. That shows us that the aspect of the latter, they express the feelings on their daily lives less than the former by the public awareness and gaze. so, once they could accept the latter, the effect on the job stress would be vanished. Second, a study was performed to figure out the effect of emotional labor on job stress. As a result, none of them make negative effects on the job satisfaction but the attentiveness to required display rules even have positive effects on it. that means the emotional labor has an indirect effect on the job satisfaction through some intermediation stuff. Third, the role conflict of job stress factors has a negative effect on job satisfaction, Although role ambiguity has a negative effect on that as well, I couldn't find appropriate proof for that. As far as I figured out, job stress can only increase job dissatisfaction. In other hands, the sales workers would have tendencies to have more motivation to work hard rather than reveal their job stress and complain about work. Finally, emotional laborers always work close to job stress. This can maximize service for the customers, but it increases stress of the laborers providing services at the same time. Then, they can not provide high quality service. It is no doubt that we need to begin managing it systematically. In conclusion, the work satisfaction of the sales workers is connected to the service quality for the customers directly.

• Journal of Korean Classical Literature and Education
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• no.16
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• pp.147-179
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• 2008

Classical literature texts have been transmitted and recreated as subjective meanings in a wide variety of genres. Authors recreate another world with their own imagination and classical literature texts. This study has been conducted to analysis 'OnDal's Dream' which is an adaptation from 'OnDalJeon' in order to figure out the method of inheritance and the subject and message of the adaptation. The process of inheritance and acculturation appears in the literary world. Some adaptations stick to the genre of the original text, other adaptations change to various genres. There is the process of inheritance and acculturation in the aspect of structure of the adaptation 'OnDal's Dream'. lntertextuality can be found between 'OnDalJeon' and 'OnDal's Dream' in terms of the stages such as 'confrontation' between the ego and the world and 'overcoming' hardships. However, the recreation text has acculturation of the structure that shows the potential desire for elevation of social status at the end part of the work so I could possibly show that the adaptation has limitation because it was far from the dream of common people and laborers at that time. There are different structures and recognition systems between 'OnDal Jeon' and 'OnDal's Dream' because the formal is an epic tale the other is lyric tale. An epic tale has some partial symbols in its story line, while an lyric tale is a symbol as a whole. There is an exhibition of deep emotion which is subjectivized and symbolized against the world in the adaptation 'OnDal's Dream'. And the inheritance of unreality, which is acculturation to the world of dream, from the original text can be found in the adaptation. First of all, study between the original text and the recreation text should be conducted in terms of intertextuality. Secondly, an instruction on the inheritance which is based on intertextuality between the original text and the recreation text should be conducted. Thirdly, an instruction about the structure of a genre and differences of recognition systems according to inheritance or conversion of a genre. It will be helpful for children to stimulate to take an interest in classical literature texts and traditional arts, to learn more recreation texts, and to develop the practical ability to recreate works. Based on above study, an instruction which shows a spiritual value of literature should be conducted.