• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.733-741
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• 2021

Globally, in accordance with the goals set forth in the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement, each country has established and declared a reduction target for carbon neutrality by 2050. The roadmaps for establishing long-term greenhouse gas emissions development strategies and setting reduction targets have been announced. As the international community accelerates the transition to the net-zero society, 128 countries have declared net-zero by the end of 2020, and the net-zero declaration continues to expand around G20 member states. In December 2020, Korea announced the "2050 Net-zero Strategy" to establish a foundation for simultaneously achieving carbon reduction, economic growth, and improved quality of life for the people through active response to the net-zero, and pursuing policy tasks in stages to do this. Comprehensive carbon management is insufficient due to the lack of comprehensive carbon management due to the departure from the areas of mandatory reduction, such as the GHG energy target management system and the GHG emissions trading offset system implemented to reduce greenhouse gases in Korea. Currently, there is no cases for estimation or calculation of carbon dioxide emissions for the Mine Reclamation projects. It is reviewed the standard methods proposed by domestic and foreign carbon emission calculation methods and proposed appropriate carbon emission estimation methods for the Mine Reclamation projects in this study.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2007.11b
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• pp.214-216
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• 2007

Post 2012 기후변화협약 체제의 토래 및 강화되는 기후변화협약으로 인해 우리나라의 온실가스 의무감축이 확실하게 예견되고 있는 현 시점에서 우리나라의 온실가스 감축이행을 위한 대응책의 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 특히 발전부문은 우리나라의 온실가스 배출의 약 30%를 차지하고 있으며, 경제성장에 따라 온실가스 배출량이 빠른 속도로 증가하고 있으므로 Post 2012 기후변화협약 체제의 대응책이 보다 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 향후 발전부문에 온실가스 감축의무가 부담될 것을 고려하여 온실가스 배출량 제약 및 배출권거래제를 고려한 설비계획을 도출하고자 한다. 현재 우리나라의 전원 개발계획에서 사용되고 있는 전산모형(WASP, POWERSYM 등)은 온실가스 배출량 제약 및 배출권거래제를 고려하지 못하므로 MEFISET 모형을 이용하여 이를 고려하고자 한다. 그러나 MEFISET 모형은 설비예비력 제약조건을 통해 공급신뢰도를 만족하고 있다. 이러한 설비계획 결과는 공급신뢰도 기준 을 만족시키기 위해 과도한 설비계획 결과를 도출한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이를 보완하기 위해 Visual C를 통해 구현한 LOLP 프로그램을 통해 공급신뢰도 기준을 만족시키기 위한 적정 설비예비력을 추정하고자 한다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.409-419
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• 2016

As a major energy consumption province, the issue about the carbon emissions in Hebei Province, China has been concerned by the government. The carbon emissions can be effectively reduced due to a more rational energy consumption structure. Thus, in this paper the constraint of low carbon emissions is considered as a foundation and four energies--coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity including wind power, nuclear power and hydro-power etc are selected as the main analysis objects of the adjustment of energy structure. This paper takes energy cost minimum and carbon trading cost minimum as the objective functions based on the economic growth, energy saving and emission reduction targets and constructs an optimization model of energy consumption structure. And empirical research about energy consumption structure optimization in 2015 and 2020 is carried out based on the energy consumption data in Hebei Province, China during the period 1995-2013, which indicates that the energy consumption in Hebei dominated by coal cannot be replaced in the next seven years, from 2014 to 2020, when the coal consumption proportion is still up to 85.93%. Finally, the corresponding policy suggestions are put forward, according to the results of the energy structure optimization in Hebei Province.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.28-37
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• 2011

Though Korea has introduced CBP(Cost Based pool) power trading system since 2001, long-term Generation system planning has been executed by government for Cost minimization every 2 years. Until currently the model which is used for Generation system planning and best-mix only considers cost minimization and total yearly or quarterly electricity demand every year. In a view point of one day power supply operation, technical characteristics, like the ramp up/down rate of total generation system, minimum up/down time and GFRQ(Governor Free Response Quantity), are very important. this paper analyzes Optimal Fuel-Mix for 2022 Korea generation system satisfying these constraints of each fuel type and considering pump storage plants, construction cost and $CO_2$ emission charge Using MILP(Mixed Integer Linear Programming) method. Also the sensitivity analysis which follows in future power industry environmental change accomplished.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.271-279
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• 2015

Global warming has pressured companies to put a greater emphasis on environment management which allows them to reduce environmental impact and costs of their operations. In Korea, the coal-fired power plants take a large account of electricity generation at 31.7% of the total electricity usage in 2014. Thus, environmental impact of coal-fired power plants is significant. This paper illustrated how to compute environmental impact and costs in electricity generation at a coal-fired power plant using MFCA methodology. Compared to the traditional accounting, an advantage of MFCA is to provide information on electricity generation costs and environmental wastes incurring throughout the production process of electricity. Based on MFCA, the coal-fired power plant was able to reduce production cost of electricity by 52.3%, and environmental wastes by 47.7%. As a result, MFCA seemed to be an effective tool in environmental management for power plants.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.57-73
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• 2008

This short paper considers the situation where an environmental policy could play a source of an exogenous background risk at an individual's wealth and analyzes the effect of such a background risk on the individual's decision making in a simple chance-improving model. Our analysis shows that risks at initial wealth generated by an environmental policy could be regarded as an exogenous background risk in many cases and that such a risk makes a risk averse person behave more risk aversely in some restricted decision making situations. A policy maker considering an environmental policy which would affect individuals' initial wealth should take into account that the environmental policy could affect an individual's seemingly irrelevant economics decisions via his or her wealth.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2019

Background: Organic carbon stored in coastal wetlands, which comprises the major part of oceanic "blue carbon," is a subject of growing interest and concern. In this study, organic carbon storage in coastal wetlands and its economic value were estimated using the raw data of 25 studies related to soil carbon storage. Data were collected from three tidal flats (one protected and two developed areas) and two estuarine salt marshes (one protected and one restored area). Bulk density, soil organic matter content, and standing biomass of vegetation were all considered, with Monte Carlo simulation applied to estimate the uncertainty. Results: Mean carbon storage in two salt marshes ranged between 14.6 and $25.5kg\;C\;m^{-2}$. Mean carbon storage in tidal flats ranged from 18.2 to $28.6kg\;C\;m^{-2}$, with variability possibly related to soil texture. The economic value of stored carbon was estimated by comparison with the price of carbon in the emission trading market. The value of US $ $6600\;ha^{-1}$ is ~ 45% of previously estimated ecosystem services from fishery production and water purification functions in coastal areas. Conclusions: Although our study sites do not cover all types of large marine ecosystem, this study highlights the substantial contribution of coastal wetlands as carbon sinks and the importance of conserving these habitats to maximize their ecosystem services.

• Clean Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2001

To meet $CO_2$ emission regulation, this study describes the present state of $CO_2$ reduction technology and the effect of the regulation on power industry. In Japan, R&D investment is actively continuing through a long-term R&D project, along with trying to meet the reduction demand by the ways of energy saving and abroad business. EU has made a lot of investments in increasing the efficiency of power generation and developing alternative energy sources. The US is making provision of the portion of reduction by using energy saving program and emission trading, and the current DOE-driven program is addressing the development of cost-effective power systems. In the country, the research to reduce $CO_2$ emission has been mainly driven by the government and research institute supported by the government. Meanwhile, if the reduction obligation imposed on Portugal which is the least strict condition will be enforced in Korea, it is likely that about 50 running power plants should be stopped or shut down after 2015, in spite of voluntary reduction efforts such as conversion to clean fuels, etc. according to the government's long-term electric power need and supply plan.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.89-107
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• 2012

Recently, the successful appointment of the general directorate of GCF (Green Climate Fund) in Songdo of Korea made a great history for the golden triangle with GGGI (global Green Growth Institute) and GTC (Green Technology Center). Now, Korea became the Mecca for the global green growth and it gave a great opportunity foe the Korea to lead the global economy in the future. However, to successfully manage the GCF, the Korean government should show their willingness as well as the readiness for the green prowth and green productivity. It is really hard for the Korea, since it takes the second rank for the growth rate of carbon dioxide emission in the world. To overcome this shameful status, it should make the best effort to promote the green productivity, especially in a field of logistics industry, because it takes 21% of global CO2 emission, the second largest portion. The research aims to systematically introduce the Global Malmquist-Luenberger Index (GML) and to evaluate the logistics industry of Korea based on the GML approach. It concludes the innovative technology is utmost important to improve the green productivity of the logistics industry and thus the Korean government should make more aggressive role to fill this missing link in the innovation network.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.3-26
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• 2010

The European Union(EU) has recently introduced its Directive 2008/101/EC to include aviation in the EU ETS(emissions trading system). As an amendment to Directive 2003/87/EC that regulates reduction of the green house gas(GHG) emissions in Europe in preparation for the Kyoto Protocol, 1997, it obliges both EU and non-EU airline operators to reduce the emission of the carbon dioxide(CO2) significantly in the year 2012 and thereafter from the level they made in 2004 to 2006. Emission allowances allowed free of charge for each airline operator is 97% in the first year 2012 and 95% from 2013 and thereafter from the average annual emissions during historical years 2004 to 2006. Taking into account the rapid growth of air traffic, i.e. 5% in recent years, airlines operating to EU have to reduce their emissions by about 30% in order to meet the requirements of the EU Directive, if not buy the emissions right in the emissions trading market. However, buying quantity is limited to 15% in the year 2012 subject to possible increase from the year 2013. Apart from the hard burden of the airline operators, in particular of those from non-European countries, which is not concern of this paper, the EU Directive has certain legal problems. First, while the Kyoto Protocol of universal application is binding on the Annex I countries of the Climate Change Convention, i.e. developed countries including all Member States of the European Union to reduce GHG at least by 5% in the implementation period from 2008 to 2012 over the 1990 level, non-Annex I countries which are not bound by the Kyoto Protocol see their airlines subjected to aircraft emissions reductions scheme of EU when operating to EU. This is against the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol dealing with the emissions of GHG including CO2, target of the EU Directive. While the Kyoto Protocol mandates ICAO to set up a worldwide scheme for aircraft emissions to contribute to stabilizing GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, the EU ETS was drawn up outside the framework of the international Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO). Second, EU Directive 2008/101 defines 'aviation activities' as covering 'flights which depart from or arrive in the territory of a Member State to which the [EU] Treaty applies'. While the EU airlines are certainly subject to the EU regulations, obliging non-EU airlines to reduce their emissions even if the emissions are produced during the flight over the high seas and the airspace of the third countries is problematic. The point is whether the EU Directive can be legally applied to extra-territorial behavior of non-EU entities. Third, the EU Directive prescribes 2012 as the first year for implementation. However, the year 2012 is the last year of implementation of the Kyoto Protocol for Annex I countries including members of EU to reduce GHG including the emissions of CO2 coming out from domestic airlines operation. Consequently, EU airlines were already on the reduction scheme of CO2 emissions as long as their domestic operations are concerned from 2008 until the year 2012. But with the implementation of Directive 2008/101 from 2012 for all the airlines, regardless of the status of the country Annex I or not where they are registered, the EU airlines are no longer at the disadvantage compared with the airlines of non-Annex I countries. This unexpected premium for the EU airlines may result in a derogation of the Kyoto Protocol at least for the year 2012. Lastly, as a conclusion, the author shed light briefly on how the Korean aviation authorities are dealing with the EU restrictive measures.