• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Rock Mechanics Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.33-41
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• 2008

The longest tunnel has been halted at Daekwanryung by the failure of the host country of the Winter Olympiad in 2014, but modern High-Power TBM will come to Korea to excavate these long tunnels to establish the better horizontal connection between the western and eastern countries to improve the strong powerful logistic strategy of Korean peninsula. Train operation provides a key function of air movements in a long underground tunnel, and heat generation from transit vehicles may account of the most heat release to the ventilation and emergency systems. This paper indicates the optimal fire suppress services and safety provision for the long railway tunnel which is designed twin tunnel with length 22km in Gangwon province of Korea. The design of the fire-fighting systems and emergency were prepared by the operation of the famous long-railway tunnels as well as the severe lessons from the real fires in domestic and overseas experiences. Designers should concentrate the optimal solution for passenger's safety at the emergency state when tunnel fires, train crush accidents, derailment, and etc. The optimal fire-extinguishing facilities for long railway tunnels are presented for better safety of the comfortable operation in this hard rock tunnel of eastern mountains side of Korea. Since year 1900, hard rock tunnel construction has been launched for railway tunnels in Korea, tunnels have been built for various purposes not only for infrastructure tunnels including roadway, railway, subway, and but also for water and power supply, for deposit food, waste, and oils etc. Most favorable railway tunnel system was discussed in details; twin tunnels, distance of cross passage, ventilation systems, for the comfortable train operations in the future.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2000.11d
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• pp.612-614
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• 2000

ABS(Anti-lock Braking System) is a device which prevents the lock-up of car wheels during emergency braking. It helps to maintain the steerability since the tire-road slip is controlled in an acceptable range. By maintaining the maximal frictional force during braking. ABS can reduce the braking distance. Recently, ABS is accepted as a standard equipment in vehicles, especially in commercial vehicles(bus and trucks). Commercial vehicles mostly use pneumatic pressure for braking. In this paper, ECU(Electronic Control Unit) for the anti-lock braking system of a commercial vehicle which is equipped with a full-air brake system and its control algorithms are presented.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.258-267
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• 2022

Weak over-the-horizon perception and blind spot are the main problems in intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs). In this paper, a V2V image transmission-based road condition warning method is proposed to solve them. The encoded road emergency images which are collected by the ICV are transmitted to the on-board unit (OBU) through Ethernet. The OBU broadcasts the fragmented image information including location and clock of the vehicle to other OBUs. To satisfy the channel quality of the V2X communication in different times, the optimal fragment length is selected by the OBU to process the image information. Then, according to the position and clock information of the remote vehicles, OBU of the receiver selects valid messages to decode the image information which will help the receiver to extend the perceptual field. The experimental results show that our method has an average packet loss rate of 0.5%. The transmission delay is about 51.59 ms in low-speed driving scenarios, which can provide drivers with timely and reliable warnings of the road conditions.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 2006

Purpose: For prevention and suitable administration, the effect of age on the severity of injuries in traffic accidents should be considered when evaluating a patient, but there have not been enough epidemiological studies that evaluate the age factor in traffic accidents. For that reason, we investigated old-aged patients who were involved in traffic accidents (65 years old or more) and who were admitted to the emergency department of a college hospital in an urban city of Korea. Methods: We collected data from traffic-accident patients who came to the emergency room of a university hospital in Seoul from Jan.1, 2004 to Dec.31, 2005. We compared their abilities to ambulate and the RTSs (Revised trauma scores) by using a LSD (least significant difference), linear regression. Results: A total of 1460 patients were included. The mean RTS of all traffic-accident patients was $7.77{\pm}0.280$. The scores for drivers and passengers, motor-cycle drivers and passengers, bicycle drivers and passengers, and pedestrians were $7.79{\pm}0.21$, $7.78{\pm}0.22$, $7.54{\pm}0.25$, $7.77{\pm}0.20$, and $7.80{\pm}0.21$ respectively (p=0.000). There was no statistically significant difference between the RTS of patients over 65 years and that of other patients. In a regression analysis, the number of patients over 45 ages who were able to ambulate was lower than that of younger people, independently of other influencing factors (B=-0.330, R-square = 0.243, p=0.000). Conclusion: We expected that RTS of old age group more than 65 years old will significantly lower than that of others, but there was no statistically significant difference.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.489-494
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• 2014

In this paper, a design of multiple channel wireless remote control system for unmanned vehicle is proposed. One of serious problems of the previous wireless remote control system is that it does not work when a control channel is damaged in case of emergency because it's composed of single control channel. Therefore, we propose the multiple channel wireless remote system which is composed of a portable wireless remote controller and a stationary wireless remote controller. The portable wireless remote controller and stationary wireless remote controller are designed and the multiple channel wireless remote control system for unmanned vehicles in developed. By applying to the unmanned vehicle to check its performance. The wireless remote control system is tested. Emergency stop using the portable wireless remote controller is tested when the stationary wireless remote controller is damaged. Also, emergency stop using the stationary wireless remote controller is tested when the portable wireless remote controller is damaged. The result of emergency stop test shows satisfied performance.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.132-138
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• 2012

Purpose: Trauma is one of the major causes of maternal and fetal mortality, and the most common cause of maternal trauma is a traffic accident. In Korea, data about traffic accidents in pregnant women are not widely collected and classified so far. Hence, we studied and analyzed the characteristics of injured pregnant women by the traffic accidents. Methods: From January 2002 to August 2011, pregnant women who were in traffic accidents visiting Emergency Department were studied. Pregnancy out come and the degree of the damage were determined through the retrospective analysis of the medical records. Results: The pregnant women who visited after traffic accidents were total 204 patients. Among them, 176 patients had no complication related to the traffic accidents, 28 patients had complications. The incidence of the complications in the 3rd trimester pregnants was statistically significant higher than that in the other trimesters. The analysis based on the mechanism shows more complications in the pedestrian injury. In the survey by the type of the vehicles, the complications from the trauma associated with a car had lower incidence. The patients arrived at the emergency center by walking had greater numbers than who arrived by an ambulance in the groups occurred the complications. The patients suffered complications who complained pain in trunk especially in abdomen and pelvis than in extremities and complained vaginal discharge, and those showed a statistically significant greater incidence. Conclusion: When pregnant women were injured by the traffic accidents, the factors related to the poor pregnant prognosis were trimester of pregnancy, means of visiting the emergency center, trauma mechanism, and complaining symptoms. Therefore, these factors may be used as a prognostic tool to predict an incidence of complications, length of hospital stay and rate of complications and can be used to plan for treatments.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 2010

Purpose: All-terrain vehicle (ATV)-related injuries have increased since the introduction of ATVs to Korea. The purpose of this study is to compare patients with ATV-related injuries (PATV) to patients with motorcycle (MC)-related injuries (PMC). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of PATV and PMC who visited an emergency center in 2008. The cases of PMC were 164, and those of PATV were 52. Results: While PMC are seen evenly in the first half year and the second half year, PATV are seen mainly the first half year (from March to June: 73%). For PMC the most frequent injury mechanism was collision with another vehicle, while for PATV, it was side overturn/roll over. The injury severity score (ISS), the revised trauma score (RTS), the trauma score and the injury severity score (TRISS) were $5.6{\pm}5.6$, $7.7{\pm}0.7$, $5.0{\pm}2.1$ for PMC and $7.1{\pm}7.5$, $7.7{\pm}1.1$, $5.5{\pm}1.5$ for PATV, respectively. The most common injury sites were the lower extremities for PMC and the face for PATV. The rates of admission, surgery and the length of hospital stay were similar between PMC and PATV. Conclusion: This study shows that the risk of ATV accidents is similar to that of MC accidents. We recommend that the same safety standards and regulations that are applied to MCs should be used for ATVs. Safe and enjoyable paths have to be sought for drivers of ATVs.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.67-77
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• 2023

As cities become overcrowded and concentrated, the demand for public services continues to increase due to the improvement of the living standards of urban residents. Among them, fire service can be seen as one of the important public services by reducing damage caused by accidents in emergency situations and affecting the improvement of access to medical services for urban residents. Rapid movement of patients and medical institutions within golden time and proper first aid are essential elements in emergency situations, and Seoul is a super-large city with a large population of about 10 million people and has a large number of emergency medical patients. Therefore, this study used spatial regression analysis to examine the factors affecting the delay factors of emergency dispatch in Seoul to secure golden time, and derived management priorities, and suggested implications for the management of emergency vehicle dispatch delay factors. As a result of the main analysis, land-use characteristics were the most influential factor in emergency vehicle dispatch time, and land-use mixing, commercial area density, average patient age, and average road length were found to affect emergency vehicle dispatch time in order. This study can be used as important basic data for an accurate understanding of the delay factors for emergency dispatch and preparing countermeasures according to priorities.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.113-127
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• 2018

This study develops a fusion priority signal control algorithm to pass without delay in emergency events. Fusion priority signal control is method combined center control with local control. The center control method applies signal times for each signalized intersection on the emergency vehicle's route when an emergency call is received. As signals are controlled before the emergency vehicle leaves for its destination, it is possible to clear the queues at each intersection more effectively. However, since the traffic information (speed, position) of the real-time emergency vehicle is not used, the intersection arrival time predicted by center control and actual arrival time of the emergency vehicle may be different from each other. In the case, it is possible to experience a delay caused by the signal. Local control method operate priority signal use the real-time information of EV, but there is a limitation that queue elimination time can not be reflected. In this study, fusion(center+local) control algorithm is proposed to compensate the disadvantages of center and local control also maximizing its advantages. Proposed algorithm is expected to decrease delay time of EV in emergency situation.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.103-128
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• 2002

As a result of trying the various manufacturing methods considering the reality of manpower and equipments with this manual, the following standardized procedures and contents can be suggested. (1) Since tools presenting Rock-Drill data must formalize the order of explanation although explainers are different, it will be valid that it is configured by existing power point method rather than by web document type. Composition of contents are selected on the basis of defence card and survey and then 8 items including initial screen, peripheral conditions, mobilization route, general conditions, use and structure by floor, department of vehicle consideration in activities and end screen are included. (2) Making methods and cautions of data included and used in power point are as follows ; - It was most effective that objects of fire fighting and location of neighboring fire fighting water were expressed by electronic map and drawing of inner building was made by scanning it after paining general architecture drawing(plan by each floor) rather than using drawing tools of EXCEL program or CAD drawing. And it was helpful to simplify contents of architecture drawing to wall, stairs and gate in understanding them. - Photographing of video data should be taken to show available fire fighting facilities in fire, use of planned space and the whole inner structure of each floor from the inside of fire fighting buildings and to display play time between 10 sec. and 1 min, for obstacles to distance from adjacent buildings or passage of special vehicles and fire fighting water from the outside of the building. - File format of video data taken in this way is most suitable to use wmv(window media video) or asf(advanced streaming format) type in consideration of time required for export, screen quality, file capacity and play type in Rock-Drill through network. - Still screen(photo) is more effective to express the department of fire fighting vehicles or other equipments than using video. (3) In configuration work of power point, hyper link was used most and configured to see any part at any situation like web document and then uniformity of presentation order of power point was complemented. (4) In case of sales facilities with the area of $35.557m^2$, the time of 22 hours and 30 minutes for five days was taken with five persons. Therefore, when eight-hour works a day were calculated, the whole process of video work for Rock-Drill can be finished with three day works.