• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.191-197
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of job stress, state of sleep, and depression and to identify factors influencing depression of emergency medical technicians. Methods: The research was a cross-sectional, descriptive study. Data collection were done using self-report questionnaires with 162 emergency medical technicians working in hospitals who agreed to participate in the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and multiple regression with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 Program. Results: Depression had significant negative correlations with state of sleep, (r=-482, p<.001) and positive correlations with job stress (r=.196,p=.013). State of sleep had significant negative correlations with job stress (r=-.168, p=.033). The variance for life satisfaction was 23.7% (F=25.964, p<.001). Variable of state of sleep significantly predicted depression of emergency medical technicians. Conclusion: Considering these results, for emergency medical technicians' job stress, state of sleep, and depression, further studies are needed. Furthermore, there is a need to develop and implement new strategies to improve depression among emergency medical technicians.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.63-78
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• 2015

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine how emergency medical technicians(EMT) are affected by job stress, musculoskeletal symptoms(MSSs) and depression. Methods : Data were collected from EMTs at emergency medical institutions and fire stations (n=257). With a questionnaire, the association of job stress and MSSs and depression were examined in this study. Results : When examining job stress by place of work, the level of stress in field situations was significantly higher in EMTs at fire stations than in EMTs at emergency medical institutions. The MSSs of EMTs at emergency medical institutions were significantly higher compared to EMTs at fire stations, For depression, the score was 14.09 out of 60, and MSSs were significantly more common in women. Additionally, the level of job stress for 20-24 and over 35 year olds was significantly higher than that in the other age groups. Job stress had a positive correlation with MSSs and depression of EMTs, and MSSs were associated with depression. Conclusions : To improve the work environment of EMTs, attention should be paid to job stress, MSS, and depression and the presence of positive organizational support should be provided which can prevent negative effects.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate self-esteem and job stress which might influence job satisfaction of the emergency medical technicians. The partcipants were 135 emergency medical technicians in hospital. Data were collected from August 15 to September 10, 2009. The collected data was analyzed with the SPSS win 15.0 version. The average self-esteem score was 3.47, job stress 3.16, job satisfaction 3.14. The score for job satisfaction. showed significant difference motivation of desire(F=3.169, p=.016) and region(F=3.414, p=.011). Self-esteem had significant positive correlation to job satisfaction(r=.296, p=.000). Job stress had significant negative correlation to job satisfaction(r=-.327, p=.000). Self-esteem and job stress were significant predictor and accounted for 16% of the variance in job satisfaction of the emergency medical technicians. Future job satisfaction management program for the emergency medical technicians should be considered their self-esteem and job stress.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.7-18
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) cases of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest on the basis of Heart Saver laureate. Methods: This study aimed to investigate the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) outcomes and the clinical characteristics of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by analyzing the data of two regions. The data were prehospital emergency reports of 473 patients who survived for > 72 hours after ROSC in two region from January 2012 to December 2013. Results: Among the ROSC patients, 86.8% (G), 77.9% (S) were men and 72.9% (G), 67.9% (S) were of age 41~70 years, 87.6% (G), 82.9% (S) had a witnessed cardiac arrest; and 66.7% (G), 70.6% (S) received cardiopulmonary resuscitation from bystander. Of those who performed the resuscitation, paramedics in 89.1% (G), 89.8% (S). Furthermore, 119 emergency medical technicians were involved in 69.0% of two-rescue teams in G and in 90.4% of three-rescue team in S. Conclusion: Most heart savers were qualified paramedics, and three-rescuer-teams resulted in better survival rate than two-rescuer-teams.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.117-126
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• 2004

In general, the patients who transferred to the hospital by 119 rescue service at night go to the emergency room(ER) of general hospital rather than that of their nearby the 1st(clinic) and 2nd(local hospital) hospital. And the hospital is mainly selected not by 119 EMST but by patients or his/her conservators. Therefore we had studied retrospectively with emergency situation diary and medical chart for 697 patients of being transferred to one emergency medical center for 6 months since January 2004, and results are as follows. 1. The 280 patients(42.5%) of being transferred hospital at night by 119 rescue service were not emergency case and their average staying time in hospital was about $7.15{\pm}10.06$ minutes. 2. Transfer time was distributed in each time intervals of 1819, 2021, 2223, and 2401 and patients ratio in each intervals were 15.1%, 17.8%, 16.4%, and 15.2%. 3. In response of ambulance, the average time from the spot to the hospital was $14.53{\pm}9.27min$. and average distance of that was $7.95{\pm}9.21km$. 4. Diseases rather than traffic accidents or traumatic injury were main causes of ambulance calling and its value was 533(76.5%), and accidents were mainly occurred in patients' house and its value was 479(68.7%). 5. In time of transfer by 119 rescue service, hospital was mainly selected by patient/conservator and its value was 648(93.0%). In result. the hospital was selected not by EMST but by patient/conservator. 6. The case that the 1st grade EMT was rode in ambulance was 161(23.1%), and the case that 2nd EMT and emergency team member who educated for emergency were rode in ambulance were 504(72.3%). So the number of the 1st grade EMT was short in fire station of Kwangju metropolitan city than other city. 7. The first aids for patients before reaching hospital were limited to oxygen inhalation, airway control, and BLS for maintaining limbs and spine. So it seems to be a simple patients transfer. Consequently, to establish an efficient emergency medical system, it has been thought that it should be advanced a moderate education and public information about the appropriate use of emergency medical system toward citizen, and also need the hospital selection by the patients categorizing standards for 119 rescue service member, securing the 1st grade EMT, appropriate first-aids education, and securing professional human power in emergency room of the Ist(clinic) and 2nd(local hospital) hospital at night.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.235-246
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• 2003

Due to major disasters Korea has been damaged, and they caused lots of casualties: for last ten years natural disasters caused 1288 deaths including missing people; human disasters including industrial disasters brought as many as 4,512.148 casual ties (126,372 deaths with 4,385,400 injuries); and they cost 44.1 trillion property damage. However, even though major disasters have brought about tremendous human loss and property damage, Koreas National Disaster Medical System to rescue casualties is insufficient, and it has not been activated. Fortunately, through major disaster management process, the National Disaster Management System has been developed, increasing its own efficiency, and resulting in to organize an Office of Firefighting and Prevention of Disasters under the central government. Considering the value of human lives, the disaster medical part, in the U.S.A. as well as in Korea, must have an independent organization in the government, not as one sector of the government department. It will have its own organizational structure, such as disaster planning, operation, and logistics, and interact with central and local government or between local government agencies. So each agency will cooperate and supply resources interchangeably. Also, with the system of disaster management and restoration, the disaster medical system must be advanced in keeping step. Its role must be extended due to the possibility of biological terror or SARS around the world, resulting in severe casualties. Korea has the Emergency Medical Service System based on the regulation of emergency medical care, yet it is a part of the National Disaster Management System. It must be managed independently apart from it. As we see the emergency medical technicians playing as the backbone in disaster medical care in the US, we should have legal foundations for Koreas emergency medical technicians, emergency medical providers, to participate in rescue operation actively. At the same time, we need to have a national register system to classify disaster medical resources, and a total plan to place resources according to the impact of disaster, and how to organize teams. We also need to draw up a scheme to activate civil disaster medical resources, as integrating public and private or voluntary organizations.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.389-402
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• 2016

This research is about Department of Emergency medical services students' cognition type of female 119 paramedics. The purpose of this research is to understand department of emergency medical servises students' cognition of female 119 paramedics and identify characteristics classified by types. To this end, applying Q-method, this research objectively analyzes 72 department of emergency medical services students' reaction who complete the field training about ambulance about female 119 paramedics. The result of the department of emergency medical services students recognized type of female 119 paramedics could be typed into four types. The type I is recognized as "Stamina limit type", the type II as "expert type", the type III as "guardian angel type", and the type IV as "feminine experience type". The type I has 28.3%, the type II has 12.7%, the type III has 6%, and the type IV has 3.8% explanation power, and these explain 51% of total variable. Generally department of emergency medical services students' cognition of female 119 paramedic is that they are expert in first aid but students' cognition is negative because of female 119 paramedic's limit of stamina, exposure to danger, and giving birth and infant care thus we should arrange solution of these cognition.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.69-80
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• 2008

During New year's day and Thanksgiving holiday, the 1339 Information Center in Gwangju and Jeonnam received an emergency medical situation and carried out the analysis as follows ; 1. The reason for the higher phone guidance(72%) of the hospital was based on the simple query for the pain control rather than emergency care. This was explained by the unfamiliar environment of the holiday movers. Pharmaceutical guidance(12.6%) in rural area was also given during the holidays. 2. The disease counselling(2.4%) and emergency treatment instruction(First Aid)(1.6%) decreased because of the small number of request for the diseases. This explained the decrease of the disease counselling. 3. The phone calls increased 8-13 times more than usual. Five-day holidays could have more emergency patients than three-day holidays. During New year's day and Thanksgiving day, the number of received phone calls was 6,444(25.7%) and this accounted for one fourth of the total number in 2007. 4. The number of the patients increased on New year's day and Thanksgiving day because most of the medical institutions and pharmacy were off duty. 5. The patients were centered in Internal medicine and pediatrics. This showed the food-borne diseases and air-borne infection such as common cold. 6. During Thanksgiving day, ophthalmologic patients having viral keratoconjunctivitis(Apollo eye disease) increased 8 folds than in New year's day. It was estimated from the continuous epidemic of Apollo eye disease. 7. There broke out the traffic accidents, food poisoning, infectious diseases, dermatological diseases due to seasonal and environmental changes during the holiday move.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.47-56
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• 2013

With the development of the morden medical science technology, the life of the men is keeping by medical technology. But if a proper treatment could not be provided to the patient in pre-hospital phase and the patient could not be transferred to the necessary hospital timely, it can not prevent the serious damage to the patient. In this paper, when an emergency was generated, the emergency medical technician can give the most suitable first aid to the patient by our proposed efficient emergency medical information system using heuristic knowledge.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.27-40
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• 2007

Even now, 119 rescue services have dissatisfactory aspects in operation, system and equipments as discussed above, It is the most urgent subject to systemize rescue services so that they can be suitable for our status, for we will make 21C welfare state come true before long. So, this author suggest that the followings have to be raised to activate 119 rescue service. 1) Bring up experts and offer high-quality rescue service 2) Prepare more up-to-date equipments 3) Operate transfer joint organizations 4) Promote the ability to meet with a press at the time of rescue service activities 5) Adjust regulations related to rescue services 6) Make up for a countermeasure to traffic accidents of ambulances 7) Adjust regulations making it mandatory to establish heliport at the target on hospitals more than a defined scale 8) Install more rescue service teams 9) Educate and train officials belonging to briefing rooms, where the officials with long experiences are arranged 10) Minimize the time for rescue team to reach fields 11) Establish legal protection system for rescue the team Nowadays, our country operates the department of fire fighting and rescue services without great difficulty, even though the circumstances are bad - insufficient members and the inferior circumstances. All of the fire fighting officials are given heavy duties in bad circumstances, and so are the team of rescue service. The rescue service team, taking charge of some emergency medical system, do a fire fighting inspection as a non-duty service, though they are scanty of sleep due to prevention and protection services of the fire fighting service team. But, they can not engage in rescue services completely and have to deal with miscellaneous duties. So they can not offer professional emergency medical services. But now, almost every fire fighting organization, belonging to National Emergency Management Agency, are separating rescue services, which shows a lot of good results. People recognize rescue services to get better and better gradually and the demands for this rescue services increase. So, this is the best time when rescue service teams should offer qualitative services rather than quantitative services. The people will recognize this rescue service team to be an organization sacrificing and serving for them. However well institutes and operation systems should be established, the rescue service team can not come true their aim without strong wills that they will serve and sacrifice themselves for people from their hearts. In addition, it is essential for the officials in charge of policies about emergency medical services to have a concernment on and practice the policy without failure.