• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제29권3C호
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• pp.398-407
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 2차원 웨이블릿 변환을 이용한 영상 압축방식에 적합한 블라인드 워터마킹 방식을 제안하고 VHDL(VHSIC Hardware Description Language)을 이용해서 하드웨어로 구현하였다. 워터마킹 알고리즘의 목적은 영상의 조작에 대해 영상의 무결성을 인증하고 조작이 가해졌을 경우에 조작 위치를 판별하는 것이다. 제안된 워터마크 방식은 동영상 압축 시 적용되는 것으로 가정하였으며, 따라서 양자화에 무관하고 실시간으로 삽입 및 추출이 가능하도록 하였다. 웨이블릿 도메인에서 주파수 특성상 최저파수 대역(LL4)은 공간영역의 변화에 대해 민감하지 않다는 것을 실험적으로 검증하여 LL4를 워터마크의 삽입영역으로 설정하였다. 워터마크 삽입 시 압축된 영상의 화질을 최대한 저하시키지 않으면서 강인성을 지닐 수 있는 비트평면 조합을 LL4 부대역에서 선택하고 이를 워터마크 삽입 포인트로 결정한다. 비트평면에서 워터마크의 삽입위치를 알고 있고 값 변환이 아닌 값의 치환방식으로 워터마크를 삽입하므로 워터마크를 추출할 때에 원 영상이 필요하지 않다. 또한 삽입위치가 노출되었을 때의 안전성을 고려하여 워터마크를 블록암호화 알고리즘을 이용하여 암호화한 후 삽입하도록 하였다. 실험결과 제안된 워터마킹 알고리즘은 일반적인 영상의 조작에 대해 강인성을 보였고 영상 및 비디오 압축기에서 전체 동작과 구조에 큰 변화를 주지 않으면서 이식이 가능하였다. 구현된 영상압축기와 워터마킹 하드웨어는 Altera의 APEX20KC EP20K400CF672-7 FPGA 디바이스에서 약 40%의 LSB를 사용하고 최대 약 60MHz에서 동작이 가능하였다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제41회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.348-348
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• 2011

Carbon nanotube (CNT) field effect transistors and sensors use CNT as a current channel, of which the resistance varies with the gate voltage or upon molecule adsorption. Since the performance of CNT devices depends very much on the CNT/metal contact resistance, the CNT/electrode contact must be stable and the contact resistance must be small. Depending on the geometry of CNT/electrode contact, it can be categorized into the end-contact, embedded-contact (top-contact), and side-contact (bottom-contact). Because of difficulties in the sample preparation, the end-contact CNT device is seldom practiced. The embedded-contact in which CNT is embedded inside the electrode is desirable due to its rigidness and the low contact resistance. Fabrication of this structure is complicated, however, because each CNT has to be located under a high-resolution microscope and then the electrode is patterned by electron beam lithography. The side-contact is done by depositing CNT electrophoretically or by precipitating on the patterned electrode. Although this contact is fragile and the contact resistance is relatively high, the side-contact by far has been widely practiced because of its simple fabrication process. Here we introduce a simple method to embed CNT inside the electrode while taking advantage of the bottom-contact process. The idea is to utilize a eutectic material as an electrode, which melts at low temperature so that CNT is not damaged while annealing to melt the electrode to embed CNT. The lowering of CNT/Au contact resistance upon annealing at mild temperature has been reported, but the electrode in these studies did not melt and CNT laid on the surface of electrode even after annealing. In our experiment, we used a eutectic Au/Al film that melts at 250$^{\circ}C$. After depositing CNT on the electrode made of an Au/Al thin film, we annealed the sample at 250$^{\circ}C$ in air to induce eutectic melting. As a result, Au-Al alloy grains formed, under which the CNT was embedded to produce a rigid and low resistance contact. The embedded CNT contact was as strong as to tolerate the ultrasonic agitation for 90 s and the current-voltage measurement indicated that the contact resistance was lowered by a factor of 4. By performing standard fabrication process on this CNT-deposited substrate to add another pair of electrodes bridged by CNT in perpendicular direction, we could fabricate a CNT cross junction. Finally, we could conclude that the eutectic alloy electrode is valid for CNT sensors by examine the detection of Au ion which is spontaneously reduced to CNT surface. The device sustatined strong washing process and maintained its detection ability.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 2000년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집 Proceedings of EESK Conference-Spring
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• pp.120-129
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• 2000

As structure-soil interaction analysis for the seismic analysis of structures requires a nonlinear analysis of a structure-soil system considering the inelastic characteristics of soil layers nonlinear analyses of the foundation-soil system with the horizontal excitation were performed considering the nonlinear soil conditions for the nonlinear seismic analysis of structures. Stiff soil profile of SD and soft soil profile of SE specified in UBC were considered for the soil layers of a foundation and Ramberg-Osgood model was assumed for the nonlinear characteristics of soil layers. Studies on the changes of dynamci stiffnesses and damping rations of surface and embedded foundations depending on foundation size soil layer depth and piles were performed to investigate the effects of the nonlinear soil layer on the horizontal and rotational dynamic stiffnesses and damping ratios of the foundation-soil system According to the study results nonlinear prperties of a soil laryer decreeased horizontal and rotational linear stiffnesses and increased damping ratios largely Effects of foundation size soil layer depth and piles were also significant suggesting the necessity of nonlinear seismic analyses of structures.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.109-119
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• 2013

Static testing of analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters becomes more difficult when they are embedded in a system on chip. Built-in self-test (BIST) reduces the need for external support for testing. This paper proposes a new static BIST structure for testing both A/D and D/A converters. By sharing test circuitry, the proposed BIST reduces the hardware overhead. Furthermore, test time can also be reduced using the simultaneous test strategy of the proposed BIST. The proposed method can be applied in various A/D and D/A converter resolutions and analog signal swing ranges. Simulation results are presented to validate the proposed method by showing how linearity errors are detected in different situations.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• 제15권2E호
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• pp.24-32
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• 1996

A rigorous theory for modeling, analysis, optimum nonseparable filter bank in multidimensional M-band quantized subband codec are developed in this paper. Each pdf-optimized quantizer is modeled by a nonlinear gain-plus-additive uncorrelated noise and embedded into the subband structure. We then decompose the analysis/synthesis filter banks into their polyphase components and shift the down-and up-samplers to the right and left of the analysis/synthesis polyphase matrices respectively. Focusing on the slow clock rate signal between the samplers, we derive the exact expression for the output mean square quantization error by using spatial-invariant analysis. We show that this error can be represented by two uncorrelated components : a distortion component due to the quantizer gain, and a random noise component due to fictitious uncorrelated noise at the uantizer. This mean square error is then minimized subject to perfect reconstruction (PR) constraints and the total bit allocation for the entire filter bank. The algorithm gives filter coefficients and subband bit allocations. Numerical design example for the optimum nonseparable orthonormal filter bank is given with a quincunx subsampling lattice.

• 한국방송∙미디어공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방송공학회 2008년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.203-206
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 JPEG2000의 연산 시간을 줄일 수 있는 방법을 제안하였다. JPEG2000의 EBCOT(Embedded Block Coding with Optimized Truncation)는 전체 연산시간의 70%이상을 차지하여 실제 구현 시 많은 문제점으로 지적되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 EBCOT의 연산 시간을 줄이기 위해 웨이블릿 변환 영역에서 구성되는 부대역간의 트리구조(Tree structure) 이용하여 하위 부대역의 스캔 횟수를 줄이는 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 제안한 알고리즘을 적용하였을 경우 표준에 비해 스캔 횟수가 35% 이상 감소함을 확인하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.571-584
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• 2012

Appropriate assessment of lateral capacity of pile foundation is known to be a complex problem involving soil-structure interaction. Having reviewed the available methods in brief, relative paucity of simple and rational technique to evaluate lateral capacity of pile in layered soil is identified. In this context, two efficient approaches for the assessment of lateral capacity of short pile embedded in bi-layer cohesive deposit is developed. It is presumed that the allowable lateral capacity of short pile is generally dictated by the permissible lateral displacement within which pile-soil system may be assumed to be elastic. The applicability of the scheme, depicted through illustration, is believed to be of ample help at least for practical purpose.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.567-578
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• 2016

As concrete is most usable material in construction industry it's been required to improve its quality. Nowadays, nanotechnology offers the possibility of great advances in construction. For the first time, the nonlinear buckling of straight concrete columns armed with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) resting on foundation is investigated in the present study. The column is modelled with Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories. The characteristics of the equivalent composite being determined using mixture rule. The foundation around the column is simulated with spring and shear layer. Employing nonlinear strains-displacements, energy methods and Hamilton's principal, the governing equations are derived. Differential quadrature method (DQM) is used in order to obtain the buckling load of structure. The influences of volume percent of SWCNTs, geometrical parameters, elastic foundation and boundary conditions on the buckling of column are investigated. Numerical results indicate that reinforcing the concrete column with SWCNTs, the structure becomes stiffer and the buckling load increases with respect to concrete column armed with steel.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2007년도 7th International Meeting on Information Display 제7권2호
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• pp.1327-1329
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• 2007

We developed a 4 inch (qVGA, 320x240) a-Si TFT LCD which has the function of color scanner. We have designed the novel pixel structure and got good scanning quality with minimum aperture loss. In this new pixel, the sensor capacitance was increased in double without decreasing the aperture loss.

• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.219-237
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• 2011

Recent advances in scientific computing enable the full atomistic simulation of DNA molecules. However, there exists length and time scale limitations in molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for large DNA molecules. In this work, a two-level homogenization of DNA molecules is proposed. A wavelet projection method is first introduced to form a coarse-grained DNA molecule represented with superatoms. The coarsened MD model offers a simplified molecular structure for the continuum description of DNA molecules. The coarsened DNA molecular structure is then homogenized into a three-dimensional beam with embedded molecular properties. The methods to determine the elasticity constants in the continuum model are also presented. The proposed continuum model is adopted for the study of mechanical behavior of DNA loop.