• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.84-88
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• 2013

These days embedded technology may be the most significant development in the electronics industry. The study focused on the development of active device embedding using flexible printed circuit in view of process and materials. The authors fabricated 30um thickness Si chip without any crack, chipping defects with a dicing before grinding process. In order to embed chips into flexible PCB, the chip pads on a chip are connected to bonding pad on flexible PCB using an ACF film. After packaging, all sample were tested by the O/S test and carried out the reliability test. All samples passed environmental reliability test. In the future, this technology will be applied to the wearable electronics and flexible display in the variety of electronics product.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.369-384
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• 2005

The main objectives of this paper are to demonstrate the feasibility of using newly developed smart GFRP reinforcements to effectively monitor reinforced concrete beams subjected to flexural and creep loads, and to develop non-linear numerical models to predict the behavior of these beams. The smart glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebars are fabricated using a modified pultrusion process, which allows the simultaneous embeddement of Fabry-Perot fiber-optic sensors within them. Two beams are subjected to static and repeated loads (until failure), and a third one is under long-term investigation for assessment of its creep behavior. The accuracy and reliability of the strain readings from the embedded sensors are verified by comparison with corresponding readings from surface attached electrical strain gages. Nonlinear finite element modeling of the smart concrete beams is subsequently performed. These models are shown to be effective in predicting various parameters of interest such as crack patterns, failure loads, strains and stresses. The strain values computed by these numerical models agree well with corresponding readings from the embedded fiber-optic sensors.

• 센서학회지
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.440-447
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• 1999

지능형 복합재료 구조물(Smart Composite Structures) 사용 시 부하되는 인장하중과 복합재료의 경화 시 발생하는 열하중은 복합재료 내에 삽입된 광섬유 센서의 기계적 거동에 직접적인 영향을 미친다. 게다가 복합재료의 적층 순서 및 코팅층의 유무에 따라 광섬유 센서 내의 웅력 분포는 달라지게 된다. 또한, 복합재료 적층판 내에서 발생된 균열은 적층판 전체의 파괴뿐만 아니라 광섬유 센서의 파괴에 큰 영향을 미치게 된다. 그러므로, 본 연구에서는 인장하중 및 열하중이 가해지는 복합재료 적층판 내에 삽입된 광섬유 센서의 응력분포를 유한요소해석을 통해 알아보고, 복합재료 적층판의 적층 순서에 따른 영향과 광섬유 센서에 코팅을 하였을 경우 광섬유 센서 내의 응력분포에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 또, 인장실험을 통하여 적층판 내에서 발생한 균열이 광섬유 센서의 파괴에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.375-386
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• 2021

In this paper, a study of stability and health of a newly-built railway tunnel is presented. The field test was implemented to monitor the secondary lining due to the significant cracking behaviors influenced the stability and health of the tunnel structure. Surface strain gauges were installed for monitoring the status of crack openings, and the monitoring outputs demonstrated that the cracks were still in the developing stage. Additionally, adjacent tunnel and poor condition of surrounding rock were identified as the causes of the lining cracking by systematically characterizing the crack spatial distribution, tunnel site and surrounding rock conditions. Reconstruction of partial lining and reconstruction of the whole secondary lining were designed as the maintenance projects for different cracking regions based on the construction feasibility. For assessing the health conditions of the reinforced lining, embedded strain gauges were set up to continuously measure the strain and the internal force of the reconstructed structures. For the partially reconstructed lining, the outputs show the maximum tensile elongation is 0.018 mm during 227 days, which means the structure has no obvious deformation after maintenance. The one-year monitoring of full-section was implemented in the other two completely reconstructed cross-sections by embedded strain gauge. The outputs show the reconstructed secondary lining has undertaken the pressure of surrounding rock with the time passing. According to the calculated compressive and tensile safety factors, the completely reconstructed lining has been in reliable and safe condition during the past year after reinforcement. It can conclude that the aforementioned maintenance projects can effectively ensure the stability and health of this tunnel.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제87권1호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2023

Any pre-existed delamination defect present during manufacturing or induce during service loading conditions in the wingskin adherend invariably shows a greater loss of structural integrity of the spar wingskin joint (SWJ). In the present study, inter-laminar delamination propagation at the critical location of the SWJ has been carried out using contact and multi-point constraint finite elements available with commercial FE software (ANSYS APDL). Strain energy release rates (SERR) based on virtual crack closure technique have been computed for evaluation of the opening (Mode-I), sliding (Mode-II) and cross sliding (Mode-III) modes of delamination by sequential release of multi point constraint elements. The variations of different modes of SERR are observed to be significant by considering varied delamination lengths, material properties of adherends and radius of curvature of the SWJ panel. The SERR rates are seen to be much different at the two pre-embedded delamination ends. This shows dissimilar delamination propagation rates. The maximum is seen to occur in the delamination front in the unstiffened region of the wingskin. The curvature geometry and material anisotropy of SWJ adherends significantly influences the SERR values. Increase in the SERR values are observed with decrease in the radius of curvature of wingskin panel, keeping its width unchanged. SWJs made with flat FRP composite adherends have superior resistance to delamination damage propagation than curved composite laminated SWJ panels. SWJ made with Boron/Epoxy (B/E) material shows greater resistance to the delamination propagation.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.433-442
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• 2023

This study presents the visually observed behavior of fibers embedded in concrete samples that were subjected to a flexural bending test. Three types of fibers such as macro polypropylene, macro polyethylene, and the hybrid of steel and polyvinyl alcohol were mixed with cement by a designated mix ratio to prepare a total of nine specimens of each. The bending test was conducted by following ASTM C1609 with a net deflection of 2, 4, and 7 mm. The X-ray computed tomography (XCT) was carried out for 7 mm-deflection specimens. The original XCT images were post-processed to denoise the beam-hardening effect. Then, fiber, crack, and void were semi-manually segmented. The hybrid specimen showed the highest toughness compared to the other two types. Debonding based on 2D XCT sliced images was commonly observed for all three groups. The cement matrix near the crack surface often involved partially localized breakage in conjunction with debonding. The pullout was predominant for steel fibers that were partially slipped toward the crack. Crack bridging and rupture were not found presumably due to the image resolution and the level of energy dissipation for poly-fibers, while the XCT imaging was advantageous in evaluating the distribution and behavior of various fibers upon bending for fiber-reinforced concrete beam elements.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2006

피복 콘크리트의 균열 발생에 기인한 매크로셀 부식 환경하에서의 Cr강방식철근의 방식성을 평가하기 위하여 10종류의 Cr강방식철근을 콘크리트에 매입 후 피복 콘크리트에 모사 균열을 발생시킨 공시체를 제작하였다. 그 후 염수 분무 촉진 양생 105사이클까지의 매크로셀 부식전류밀도의 경시변화와 아노드 캐소드 철근의 자연전위, 부식면적률, 부식감량률을 측정함으로써 Cr강방식철근의 방식성에 대하여 검토하였다. 그 결과, 염화물 이온 농도차 $3kg/m^3$ 이하의 매크로셀 부식 환경에 대하여 Cr함유율 9% 이상의 Cr강재에서 방식성이 확인되었으며 특히, Cr함유율 11% 이상의 Cr강재에서 뛰어난 방식성이 입증되었다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2004년도 춘계 학술발표회 제16권1호
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• pp.14-17
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• 2004

A prefabricated composite hollow slab with perforated I-beams was suggested for the replacement of deteriorated concrete decks or the construction of new composite bridges with long-span slabs. Composite slabs with embedded I-beams have considerably higher stiffness and strength. For the application of prefabricated composite slabs to bridges, joints between slabs should satisfy the requirements of the ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state. In this paper, three types of the detail for loop joints were selected and their structural performance in terms of strength and crack control was investigated through static tests on continuous composite slabs. A main parameter was the detail of the joint, such as an ordinary loop joint and loop joint with additional reinforcements. Even though there was no connection of the steel beams at the joints, the loop joints showed good performance in ultimate strength. In terms of crack control, the loop joint with additional reinforcements showed better performance. In ultimate limit state, the continuous composite slabs showed good moment redistribution and ductility.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제74권6호
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• pp.747-756
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• 2020

High-strength concrete (HSC) generally is made with high amount of cement which may release large amount of hydration heat at early age. The hydration heat will increase the internal temperature of slab and may cause potential cracking. In this study, slab specimens with a dimension of 600 × 600 × 100 mm were cast with concrete incorporating silica fume for test. The thermistors were embedded in the slabs therein to investigate the interior temperature development. The test variables include water-to-binder ratio (0.25, 0.35, 0.40), the cement replacement ratio of silica fume (RSF; 5 %, 10 %, 15 %) and fly ash (RFA; 10 %, 20 %, 30 %). Test results show that reducing the W/B ratio of HSC will enhance the temperature of first heat peak by hydration. The increase of W/B decrease the appearance time of second heat peak, but increase the corresponding maximum temperature. Increase the RSF or decrease the RFA may decrease the appearance time of second heat peak and increase the maximum central temperature of slab. HSC slab with the range of W/B ratio of 0.25 to 0.40 may occur cracking within 4 hours after casting. Reducing W/B may lead to intensive cracking damage, such as more crack number, and larger crack width and length.

• 폴리머
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.356-361
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene(ENB)과 가교제가 혼합된 ENB 자가치료제에 melamine-urea-formaldehyde로 둘러싸인 마이크로캡슐을 제조하였다. 이때 자가치료제에는 빨간 색소를 첨가하여 관찰이 용이하도록 하였다. 마이크로캡슐의 열적 저항성과 캡슐의 크기 및 분포 그리고 형상을 관찰한 결과 우수한 캡슐이 제조된 것을 확인하였으며, 자가치료제에 빨간 색소의 첨가가 캡슐의 형성에 영향을 주지 않았다. 또한 마이크로캡슐과 Grubbs 촉매를 에폭시 코팅 층에 분산시킨 다음 이에 손상을 가하여 크랙을 유발하고 그것을 광학현미경으로 관찰한 결과, 크랙에 의해 캡슐이 파손되어 자가치료제가 흘러나와 크랙 면을 채우고 촉매와 반응하는 것을 알 수 있었다.