• Title/Summary/Keyword: Elk-1

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Studies on the Physiological Characteristics of (Cervus e. canadensis) Velvet Antler in Elk

  • Jeon, Byong-Tae;Thomas, David G.;Cheong, Sun-Hee;Kim, Myeong-Hwa;Kim, Sung-Jin;Sung, Si-Heung;Park, Pyo-Jam;Park, Jae-Hyun;Moon, Sang-Ho
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.52 no.3
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    • pp.237-244
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    • 2010
  • In order to investigate the physiological properties of velvet antler of elk (Cervus e. canadensis) raised in Korea, antlers (n=378) were collected from deer in 8 provinces including Gyeonggi-do (n=53), Gangwon-do (n=49), Chungcheongbuk-do (n=62), Chungcheongnam-do (n=68), Jeollabuk-do (n=52), Jeollanam-do (n=15), Gyeongsangbuk-do (n=30) and Gyeongsangnam-do (n=49). The exterior characteristics (weight, length, girth and crown) of all antlers were measured, and 18 antler samples were randomly selected for measurement of interior characteristics such as specific gravity, capacity and diameter of cross section. The mean antler weight, length of the main beam and mean length of upper section were $4.87{\pm}1.79\;kg$, $83.7{\pm}13.2\;cm$ and $40.6{\pm}11.4\;cm$, respectively. Mean girth of the top, middle and base of the main beam were $27.1{\pm}5.9\;cm$, $22.1{\pm}3.6\;cm$ and $22.9{\pm}3.6\;cm$ respectively, indicating a slight narrowing in the middle of the antler. In each of the tines, the girth at the base was markedly thicker compared to the top. The depth of the crown at the top of the antler, and the average number of crowns and tines were $14.1{\pm}7.0\;cm$, $2.1{\pm}0.6$ and $3.0{\pm}0.5$, respectively. Although there was no significant difference in mean specific gravity between top and base, mean specific gravity of main beam tended to increase from top to base of the antler with decreasing capacity. Additionally, the inner diameter of the base of the antler was significantly reduced compared to that of the top, indicating a greater integumental thickening due to mineralization. Information on the morphological and physiological properties of elk antlers is scarce. Therefore, these results may be useful in providing basic information for the physiological properties of antler, and encourage further studies on antler morphology in other deer species showing species specific differences.

Studies on the Artificial Induction of Antlerogenesis on Reproduction in Female Elk Deer (암사슴의 뿔 발생 인공 유도가 번식에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Sang-Woo;Seo, Kil-Woog;Sang, Byung-Chan;Lee, Kyu-Seung
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.34 no.1
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    • pp.37-46
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    • 2007
  • This study was conducted to investigate the antler induction rate and production by artificial induction of antlerogenesis using $CaCl_2$ injection on both periosteum around area of horn development for the frontal bone of a female elk deer which do not have an antler. The results obtained from eleven deers for verifying effect of the female's antler induction on reproduction are as follows: The antler development induction by $CaCl_2$injection is higher on the treatments of 30 and 50% of $CaCl_2$ injection than those on the treatments of 15 %. The antler production is higher on the 30 % $CaCl_2$ injection than those of 15 and 50 % $CaCl_2$ injection. For 30 % $CaCl_2$ injection, the antler production is higher in 1.5 and 2.0 ml of % $CaCl_2$ injection than the other injection level. After the induction of antler development, the birth rate is not changed as of 75~100 %, while the regeneration rate of the antler which was not constant in approximately 45 % for five among eleven female deer. With these results, we assume that the injection concentration and amount of $CaCl_2$ injection are around 30 % and 1.5 and 2.0 ml level which can be not only most effective conditions for the antler induction rate and production, but also these conditions do not influence the reproduction during the period of the female elk's antler development induction.

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The Effect of Feeding Whole-crop Barley Silage and Grass Hay on Productivity and Economic Efficiency in Elk (Cervus canadensis) (청보리 사일리지 및 목건초 급여가 엘크 사슴의 생산성 및 경제성에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Sang Woo;Suh, Sang Won;Kim, Dong Hoon;Kim, Jae Hwan;Kim, Young Sin;Kim, Kwan Woo;Yoon, Sei Hyung
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.52-57
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    • 2013
  • This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary whole-crop barley silage on the daily feed intake, daily weight gain, velvet antler yield and economic efficacy in elk during growth. A total of 21 elk (average BW 303 kg, 5 years old) were allotted randomly to three treatments. The three treatments were T1 (hay diet), T2 (whole-crop barley silage), and T3 (50% hay + 50% whole-crop barley silage). The average daily weight gain of T3 was higher than the others throughout the entire experimental period. The average daily feed intake of elk in decreasing order was as follows; T1>T3>T2. The velvet antler yield was higher in T3 group (8,585 g) compared with T1 (8,037 g) and T2 (7,713 g). However, there were no significant differences in the average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, or velvet antler yield (p>0.05). In economic efficacy, T3 was gained about 29~43% more value than T1 or T2. In conclusion, the mixed feeding of 50% hay and 50% whole-crop barley silage was more effective than feeding hay of barley alone, in terms of average daily weight gain, velvet antler yield, and economic efficacy in elk.

Visualization Service Construction of Firewall, IPS for Intrusion Detection Areas (방화벽, 침입탐지 분야에 대한 보안관제의 시각화 서비스 구축)

  • Yun, Seong Yeol;Kim, Jeong Ho
    • Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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    • 2019.05a
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    • pp.331-332
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    • 2019
  • 로그 분석 솔루션의 필요성이 대두되어 공공기관 뿐만 아니라 사기업들도 앞다퉈 로그 분석 솔루션을 도입하여 보안관제센터를 구축하는 추세이다. 하지만 그 비용자체가 만만치 않아 아직까지 예산이 부족한 기관 및 기업은 도입하지 못하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 오픈소스를 활용하여 보안관제센터를 구축하는 방안을 제시하였다. ELK Stack을 이용하여 로그 분석 시스템을 구축하였다. ELK Stack의 검색 속도 및 로그 데이터의 시각화 성능은 시장 점유율 1위인 Splunk와 비교 했을 때 비슷하였다. 또한, 오픈소스를 이용하기 때문에 기업간 기술 공유를 통해 보안관제의 탐지기술이 한층더 업그레이드 될 수 있다.

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Estrogen receptor β stimulates Egr-1 transcription via MEK1/Erk/Elk-1 cascade in C6 glioma cells

  • Kim, Ji-Ha;Jeong, Il-Yeup;Lim, Yoong-Ho;Lee, Young-Han;Shin, Soon-Young
    • BMB Reports
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    • v.44 no.7
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    • pp.452-457
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    • 2011
  • The Egr-1 is an immediate early response gene encoding a transcription factor that functions in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Estrogen has diverse physiological effects, including cellular proliferation and neuroprotection against brain injury. There are two types of estrogen receptors (ERs), $ER{\alpha}$ and $ER{\beta}$. $ER{\alpha}$-induced Egr-1 expression has been extensively studied; however, the role of $ER{\beta}$ is yet not known. In the present study, we investigated whether or not $ER{\beta}$ induces Egr-1 expression in C6 rat glioma cells, which express $ER{\beta}$ but not $ER{\alpha}$. Our results show that $ER{\beta}$ promoted up-regulation of Egr-1 expression via a non-genomic mechanism involving the Raf/MEK1/Erk/Elk-1 signaling cascade.

Serological monitoring on brucellosis in livestock of Korea (국내 가축에서 브루셀라병에 대한 혈청학적 모니터링)

  • Sung, So-Ra;Kim, Ji-Yeon;Her, Moon;Lee, Kichan;Kang, Sung-Il;Lee, Hyang-Keun;Cho, Hyo Rim;Lee, Jin Ju;Jung, Suk Chan
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.54 no.4
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    • pp.197-201
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    • 2014
  • In Korea, brucellosis has been reported periodically in cattle and rarely in dogs; however, it has not previously been screened in domestic animals such as elk, pigs and goats. To investigate the serological prevalence, serum samples were taken from the aforementioned animals annually during 2007-2013 and screened by the rose-bengal test (RBT) or modified RBT, after which positive sera were evaluated by the standard tube agglutination test (STAT). Finally, RBT and STAT-positive sera were confirmed by competitive-ELISA. Brucella abortus biovar 1 was isolated from three elk that were shown to be positive serologically in 2008. There was no evidence of brucellosis in pigs. Based on serological monitoring and investigation of etiological agents, there is no evidence of outbreak of brucellosis in elk, pigs or goats of Korea since 2008. However, the possibility for brucellosis from cattle to affect these other livestock exists; therefore, extensive and continuous serological monitoring is required to maintain their brucellosis-free status.

Hematological and Blood Chemical Values for Elks Raised in Korea (국내 사육 Elk(Cervus canadensis)의 혈액학치와 혈액화학치)

  • 금창훈;장종식;이현범
    • Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.162-170
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    • 1998
  • Present experiments were undertaken in order to determine the normal hematological and blood chemical values of elks raised in Korea. Blood samples were collected from 22 healthy adult (5~10 years old) male elks raised in Kyung-pook prefecture and examined for 9 hematological and 15 blood chemical parameters using automatic blood cell counter and automatic blood chemical analyzer. The mean hematological values were determined as PCV : 34.23%, RBC count : $6.70{\times}10^{6}/{\mu}l, Hb : 12.15g/61, WBC count : 3.17{\times}10^{3}/{\mu}l$, neutrophil : 54.09%, eosinophil : 12.27%, Iymphocyte : 28.86%, monocyte : 5.23%, and platelet : $39.94$\times$10^{5}/{\mu}l$

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Effect of Mild Hypothermia on the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases in Experimental Stroke

  • Han, Hyung-Soo
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.187-194
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    • 2004
  • Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) results in cell death by activation of complex signal pathways for cell death and survival. Hypothermia is a robust neuroprotectant, and its effect has often been attributed to various mechanisms, but it is not yet clear. Upstream from the cell death promoters and executioners are several enzymes that may activate several transcription factors involved in cell death and survival. In this study, we immunohistochemically examined the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase during early period of the ischemic injury, following 2 hours (h) of transient MCAO. Increased phosphorylation of ERK and p38 was observed in the vessels at 3 h, neuron-like cells at 6 and 12 h and glia-like cells at 12 h. Activation of JNK was not remarkable, and a few cells showed active JNK following ischemia. Phosphorylation of Elk-1, a transcription factor, was reduced by ischemic insult. Hypothermia attenuated the activation of ERK, p38 and JNK, and inhibited reduction of Elk-1. These data suggest that signals via different MAPK family members converge on the cell damage process and hypothermia protects the brain by interfering with these pathways.

A Study on Physico-chemical Property and Composition of Velvet Antler and Byproducts in Elk. (Elk종의 녹용과 부산물의 이화학적 특성에 관한 연구)

  • 이길왕
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.14 no.3
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    • pp.496-500
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    • 2004
  • This study has been performed for physico-chemical property and composition of sinew, testes, tail, blood and velvet antler in Elk. Amino acid contents in the sinew taurine, alanine, histidine, and lysine were high contained, histidine, glutamic acid, taurine, and lysine were high contained in testes, glutamic acid, lysine, alanine, glycine, and phenylalanine were high contained in tail, histidine, glycine, and lysine were high contained in blood, glutamic acid, lysine, taurine, alanine, and glycine were high contained in velvet antler. And, based on the amount of mineral, $K^{+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $P^{+}$ were 444.8, 166.6 and 242.9mg per 100g in sinew, respectively. $K^{+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $P^{+}$ were 294.4, 330.5, and 514.3 mg per 100g in testes, respectively, $K^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, and $P^{+}$ were 1420.6, 118.4, and 1105.2mg per 100 mg in tail, respectively. Fe3+,-K+, and P+ were 344.1, 1023.6 and 157.2 mg per 100 mg in blood, respectively and $K^{+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $P^{+}$ were 888.4, l1533.1 and 14722.0 in velvet antler, respectively. Finaly, difference were found in comparison of composition of free mwtal ion (N $a^{+}$, $K^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ca^2$) bwteen blood, tail, tests, sinew and velvet antler, and composition of free metal in blood higher than those othersd higher than those others.

Effects of Different Feeding Regimes on Deer Meat (Venison) Quality Following Chilled Storage Condition

  • Kim, Kwan Woo;Park, Hyung Soo;Lee, Sung Soo;Yeon, Seong Heum;Cho, Chang Yeon;Kim, Sang Woo;Lee, Jinwook
    • Food Science of Animal Resources
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    • v.37 no.4
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    • pp.511-517
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    • 2017
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different feeding regimes on the quality of deer meat (venison) following storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for various durations. Twelve 5-year-old elk stags about 350 kg were stratified by weight and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments (three elk stags per treatment). The dietary treatments consisted of a feeding concentrate of 1.5% of body weight (T1), feeding concentrate of 1.8% of body weight (T2), feeding concentrate ad libitum (T3), or a home-mixed ration ad libitum (T4). The pH values of deer meat were not significantly different among treatment groups but were affected by duration of storage. Cooking loss increased under T4 treatment with increasing storage time at $4^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). Increased storage time also resulted in significant decreases in shear force under T2 and T3 treatment compared to that under other dietary treatments (p<0.05). Lightness ($L^*$), redness ($a^*$), and yellowness ($b^*$) parameters were not significantly different among treatment groups, but lower values of $a^*$ and $b^*$ were observed under T1 and T4 treatment with increasing durations of storage (p<0.05). The chemical and fatty acid composition had no significantly different among treatments. Therefore, meat quality was most affected by increased storage time at $4^{\circ}C$. These results may serve as the basis for further study of deer meat (venison) from Korea.