• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.151-156
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• 2004

This study was carried out to evaluate the putative anxiolytic-1ike effects of the aqueous extracts of Sanjoin-tang (SJIT) and its ingredients using the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in mice. SJIT consists of five herbs, namely, Zizyphi Spinosi Semen (roasted), Glycyrrhizae Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, and Hoelen. The aqueous extracts of SJIT and each herbal drug were orally administered to ICR mice, 1 hr before evaluating behavioral activity in the EPM test, respectively. Repeated treatments (for 3 days) of the aqueous extract of SJIT (400 mg/kg) significantly increased time-spend in the open arms and arms entries into the open arms in the EPM test. Zizyphi Spinosi Semen (400 mg/kg), an ingredient of SJIT, significantly increased timespent in the open arms and arm entries into the open arms (P < 0.05). However, the other ingredient of SJIT did not show any anxiolytic-like behaviors. In addition, the anxiolytic-like effects of Zizyphi Spinosi Semen were blocked by pindolol (lO mg/kg), a $5-HT_{1A}$ receptor antagonist. These results suggest that Zizyphi Spinosi Semen (roasted) as an ingredient of SJIT plays a crucial anxiolytic role, and it acts via the serotonergic nervous system.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.142-148
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• 2009

Anxiety disorders are one of the serious problems which need proper therapy devoid of side effects of presently available medicines. The present study evaluates the anxiolytic and sedative activity of leaf galls of Piper nigrum Linn. in Swiss Albino mice. The pet. ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of leaf galls of Piper nigrum Linn were obtained by continuous soxhlet extraction. The prepared extracts were found to be safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight of mice in the acute toxicity study. Each extract was assessed for anxiolytic activity in Swiss Albino mice by elevated plus Maze, open field test, rota rod test and phenobarbitone induced sleeping time test. In the Elevated Plus Maze test, the pet.ether extract and chloroform extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. orally, significantly (P < 0.01) increased the number of entries and time spent in open arm comparable with standard diazepam at the dose of 10 mg/kg. b.w. p.o. In the open field test, pet. ether extract (50 mg/kg b.w. p.o.) showed significant increase (P < 0.01) in ambulation and activity in the center. Chloroform extract (50 mg/kg b.w p.o.) was significant (P < 0.05) for both ambulation and center activity. Pet. ether extract (50 mg/kg b.w. p.o) also showed significant activity (P < 0.01) in rota rod test. All the results are comparable with standard diazepam at the dose of 1 mg /kg b.w, p.o. Moreover all the extracts showed significant (P < 0.01) increase in the phenobarbitone induced sleeping time among which pet.ether showed more prominent activity (36%) comparable with control. The results revealed that, the active pet.ether extract and chloroform extract of leaf galls of Piper nigrum Linn is worthwhile to develop the bioactive principle for anxiolytic activity.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.290-296
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• 2014

이 연구의 목적은 mice를 이용하여 elevated plus-maze (EPM) test와 hole-board test를 통해 quercetin의 잠재적인 항불안 작용을 확인하고자 함이다. Quercetin을 1.25, 2.5, 5나 10 mg/kg의 용량으로 각각 행동시험을 측정하기 1 시간 전에 ICR mice에 경구투여하였다. 대조군은 동일한 양의 10% Tween 80을 투여하였고 양성대조군으로 buspirone 2 mg/kg을 투여하였다. Quercetin을 단회 투여하여 EPM test를 실시한 결과, 5 mg/kg 용량에서 open arm에 머문 시간 및 진입한 횟수의 백분율이 control group과 비교하여 통계적으로 유의성 있게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 또한 quercetin을 투여하여 hole-board test를 실시한 결과, 5 mg/kg 용량에서 구멍에 머리를 넣은 횟수가 control group과 비교하여 통계적으로 유의성 있게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 또한 quercetin와 flumazenil ($GABA_A$ antagonist), WAY-100635 ($GABA_{A-{\rho}}$ antagonist) 또는 trans-4-aminocrotonic acid ($GABA_{A-{\rho}}$ agonist)를 병용투여하여 elevated plus-maze를 실험을 하여 신경계와의 관계를 확인한 결과, trans-4-aminocrotonic acid에서만 quercetin의 항불안 작용이 차단되었음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 결론적으로, 본 연구의 결과에서 quercetin이 elevated plus-maze 및 hole-board test, horizontal wire test, open field test를 통하여 locomotor activity 및 근육이완이나 진정 등의 부작용이 없으면서 우수한 항불안 작용을 가지는 소재라고 생각되며 이러한 작용이 특히 GABA 신경계와 관련이 있음을 시사하고 있다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2010

이 연구의 목적은 유산균(LAB)의 항스트레스 효과를 알아보기 위함이다. 본 실험에서는 ICR 마우스에게 구속 스트레스를 가하면서 혼합유산균과 홍삼추출물을 경구투여 하였다. 5일간 Normal 그룹을 제외한 saline (control), LAB100, LAB200, RGE200에게 구속 스트레스를 주었다. 구속 스트레스를 가한 후에 ICR 마우스에게 kg당 100 mg ($3.0\times10^{11}$ CFU/g) 또는 200 mg $3.0\times10^{11}$ CFU/g)의 혼합유산균(Lactobacillus acidophilus, Pediococcus pentosaseus, Bifidobacterium longum SPM1205)을 투여하였으며 대조물질로는 홍삼 추출물(Red ginseng extract) 200 mg (홍삼추출물)/kg (마우스)을 투여하였다. 마지막 실험일에는 locomotor와 elevated plus-maze 실험을 통하여 마우스의 행동변화를 측정하였다. 그 결과, 혼합유산균을 투여한 그룹에서는 스트레스를 일부 억제하는 효과를 보였다. 특히 Elevated plus-maze 실험에서, 스트레스를 받은 마우스는 open zone에서보다 closed zone에서 더욱 많은 시간을 보냈다. 그렇지만 혼합유산균을 투여한 그룹에서는 open zone에서 더욱 오래 시간을 보냈으며 그 시간은 saline과 RGE200 그룹에 비해서도 길었다. 그것은 또한 아무것도 처리하지 않은 Normal 그룹과도 비슷한 결과이다. 그리고 마우스의 분변에서 유산균수를 측정하였는데 스트레스를 가하고 혼합유산균은 투여하지 않은 saline 그룹에서는 유산균수가 감소했지만 혼합유산균을 투여한 LAB100, LAB200 그룹에서는 유산균수가 증가하였다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2004년도 추계 학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.62-62
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• 2004

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.315-319
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• 2009

Astragalus Membranaceus (AM) is a useful Korean herb that has been clinically prescribed for stress-related illness. The objective of the present study was to examine the anti-stress effects of AM on repeated stress-induced alterations of anxiety, learning and memory in rats. Restraint stress was administered for 14 days (2h/day) and AM (400mg/kg) given by oral administration, in the AM group, for the same period. Starting on the eighth day, the rats were tested for spatial memory on the Morris water maze test (MW) and for anxiety on the elevated plus maze (EPM). Changes of expression on immunohistochemistry were studied for cholineacetyl transferase (ChAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the brain. The results showed that the rats treated with AM had significantly reduced stress-induced deficits on learning and memory on the spatial memory tasks. In addition, the ChAT immunoreactivities were increased. In the EPM, treatment with AM increased the time spent in the open arms (p<0.001) compared to the control group. In addition, AM treatment also normalized increases of TH expression in the LC (p<0.001). In conclusion, administration of AM improved spatial learning and memory and reduced stress-induced anxiety. Thus, the present results suggest that AM is able to recover behavioral and neurochemical impairments induced by stress.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.371-376
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• 2010

Glycyrrhizae radix (GR) is an herbal medicine that is commonly used in the East Asia for treating a variety of diseases, including stomach disorders. The objective of the present study was to examine the anti-stress effects of GR on repeated stress-induced alterations of anxiety, learning and memory in rats. Restraint stress was administered for 14 days (2 h/day) to the rats in the Control and GR groups (400 mg/kg/day, PO). Starting on the eighth day, the rats were tested for spatial memory on the Morris water maze test (MW) and for anxiety on the elevated plus maze (EPM). We studied the changes of the expressions of cholineacetyl transferase (ChAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the locus coerleus (LC) using immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the rats treated with GR had significantly reduced stress-induced deficits on their learning and memory on the spatial memory tasks. In addition, the ChAT immunoreactivities were increased. Gor the EPM, treatment with GR increased the time spent in the open arms (p<0.001) as compared to that of the control group. Moreover, GR treatment also normalized the increases of the TH expression in the LC (p<0.001). In conclusion, administration of GR improved spatial learning and memory and reduced stress-induced anxiety. Thus, the present results suggest that GR has the potential to attenuate the behavioral and neurochemical impairments caused by stress.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.99-114
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• 2005

Objectives: This study was aimed to find out the anti-stress and protective-memory effect of Quibitanggagam(QBT) on stress of rats Methods : This experimental study was conducted with elevated plus maze test, passive avoidance test, morris water maze test, and consequently density of AchE reactivity in the CA1 of hippocampus to research the learning and memory of rats affected by restraint stress, Results: Passive avoidance test revealed that time latency of retention test for QBT+Stress group significantly decreased on 2, 3rd day. Morris water maze revealed that acqusitive ability of QBT+Stress group significantly improved on 2, 3rd day and retentive ability of QBT+Stress group was significantly improved on 7th day. Elevated plus maze test revealed that latency in open arm of QBT+Stress group significantly decreased and locomotor activity(number of entered arm) of QBT+Stress group was significantly increased. The values of density of AchE stained nuclei in the CA1 of hippocampus QBT+Stress group was significantly increased compared with SAL+Stress group. Conclusion : According to the above results, it is concluded that QBT will be useful as a remedy against stress disease and improving memory.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.261-269
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• 2008

This experiment was performed to investigate the anxiolytic-like effects of cyclopeptide fraction alkaloids of Zizyphi Spinosi Semen (CFAZ), by using the experimental paradigms of anxiety, and compared with those of a known anxiolytic, diazepam. CFAZ (8.0 mg/kg, p.o.) increased the percentage of time spent on the open arms and the number of open arms entries in the elevated plus-maze test, increased the number of head dips in the hole-board test, and increased the percentage of center zone ambulatory time in the open-field box. However, CFAZ has no effect on the locomotor activity, while diazepam (2.0 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced locomotor activity. CFAZ did not influence the grip force in the grip strength meter test, either. From the molecular experiments, CFAZ increased chloride influx in cultured cerebellar granule cells. In addition, $GABA_A$ receptors $\gamma$-subunit were over-expressed by CFAZ in cultured cerebellar granule cells. It is concluded that CFAZ may have anxiolytic-like effects, and these effects may be mediated by $GABA_A$ receptors.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.144-148
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• 2017

Sulfites are used as food preservatives and excessive sulfite might disturb the body systems including the brain. Curcumin shows protective effects on the nervous system toxicity. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective role of curcumin in sulfite-induced anxiety in rats. Male rats were divided into five groups. The rats in groups I to V received distilled water (vehicle of sulfite, 1 mL/d), olive oil (vehicle of curcumin, 1 mL/d), curcumin (100 mg/kg/d), sulfite (25 mg/kg/d), and sulfite+curcumin, respectively, by daily gastric gavage for 8 weeks. At the end of 8 weeks the rats were tested in the elevated plus-maze for anxiety. The results showed that concomitant treatment of curcumin during sulfite consumption prevented the reduction of the time spent in the open arm and entrance to the open arm (the indexes of anxiety). Besides, an increase was found in motor activity of the rats in the sulfite+curcumin group compared to the sulfite-treated animals. Exposure of sulfite in rats can induce anxiety, and curcumin can act as an anti-anxiety agent.