• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.116-125
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• 1997

Electron beam weldability of 9%Ni steels has been investigated to apply EBW to the construction of LNG storage tank. While mechanical properties of welded joints were satisfied by ASTM specification, impact energy of weld metal was as low as 27 - 55J at $-196^{\circ}C$. As the result of Ni wires inserted at the joint to be welded, Ni content of weld metal was increased to about 10%, resulting on the improvement of impact toughness to 110 ~ 120J at $-196^{\circ}C$. This improvement of impact toughness in weld metal was due to the formation of tempered martensite and retained austenite. Above results indicate that, if Ni content of weld metal was increased about 10% by Ni wires addition, electron beam welded 9%Ni steels weld metal had sufficient impact energy necessary for a LNG storage tank.

• Laser Solutions
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.13-17
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• 2007

Electron beam weldability was investigated for 1mm thick cold rolled sheets of commercially pure grade titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Accelerating voltage of 40kV, beam current of 6mA, and weld speed of 0.8m/min was used and focal position of focused electron beam was just on the surface of workpiece. Microstructure of weld metal, the heat affected zone and base metal was observed using optical microscope. Vickers hardness was measured across the welds and the transverse tensile test was carried out. Hydroformability test was also carried out for the butt welded coupons of commercially pure grade titanium. For the electron beam welded C P Ti, the average grain size was equiaxed $\alpha(15{\sim}25{\mu}m)$ for base metal, coarse equiaxed $\alpha(80{\sim}200{\mu}m)$ for weld metal and annealed and enlarged grain($40{\sim}120{\mu}m$) for the HAZ. The vickers hardness of C P Ti was $180{\sim}200Hv$ for base metal, and $160{\sim}180Hv$ for the weld metal and the HAZ. For the electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy, the vickers hardness was 360Hv for the base metal, abd $400{\sim}425Hv$ for the weld metal and the HAZ. All the failure occurred at the base metal, when the transverse weld tensile test was carried out for both electron beam welded C P Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The formability of electron beam welded C P Ti was decreased compared with that of C P Ti base alloy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.360-360
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• 2011

In this work, SUS310S used for valve plate assembly was electron beam (EB) welded to determine the influence of the parametric conditions on the characteristics of the weld and to minimize porosity and micro-fissures among others. The evolution in the weld geometry and microstructure was examined as a function of the process conditions such as beam current and focusing current under a constant welding speed and accelerating voltage. The integrity of the EB welds in SUS310S was examined for defects (e.g. cracking, porosity, etc.), adequate penetration depth, and tolerable weld width deviation for the various welding conditions. Optical microscopy (OM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3D micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) for the cross section analysis of the electron beam welded SUS310S were utilized. The tensile strength and hardness were analyzed for the mechanical properties of the EB weld. At the 6 kV accelerating voltage, it was determined that a satisfactory penetration depth and desirable weld width deviation requires a beam current of 30 mA and a focusing current of 0.687 A at the welding speed of 25 mm/sec.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• v.43
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• pp.76-78
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• 2004

The phenomenon of weld shrinkage mainly occurs owing to residual stress by heating, which largely effects on welding quality, Actually as the shrinkage rate depends on the weld deposit amount, so it is desired that the sectional area of weld joint shall be reduced. In this respect the Electron beam welding has more profitable position compare to Narrow-gap TIG welding which is even superior to other arc welding processes. In case of thick austenitic stainless steel the shrinkage rate of Electron beam welding has about $10\%$ of Narrow-gap TIG welding's, which means that residual stress is a lot less than that of Narrow-gap TIG welding. And heat input and welded section area also indicate large difference between two processes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.57-64
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• 1997

Fatigue crack propagation behaviors and life prediction for SUS 321 plate and its electron beam weld metal were investigated using compact tension specimens. The larger the stress ratio is, the faster the crack propagates, but the variation of crack propagation rate decreases. The effect of stress ratio is greater in the slow crack propagation area than in the faster one. The crack propagation rate of electron beam weld metal is faster than that of base metal because of hardening, weld defect and residual stress in welding area. The crack propagation rate of transverse weld metal has a lower than that of base metal due to the effect of residual stress, but in the time of passing through welding area, has a higher rate. The crack propagation rate using $\Delta$K$_{eff}$ can be well plotted regardless of stress ratio. The fatigue life prediction method of considering crack closure more exactly predicts fatigue life than conventional one. conventional one.e.

• Laser Solutions
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.15-19
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• 2008

Electron beam (EB) weldability of pure grade Nb sheet was studied. One of Nb sheets was as-annealed and the other was cold rolled. Microstructures, Vickers hardness, and transverse weld tensile test were carried out for the base metal, the heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal. In the case of the EB welds made using the annealed Nb sheeet, fine equiaxed grains and coarse grains were dominant at the base metal and the HAZ, respectively, and columnar grains were observed at the weld metal. For the EB welds made using the cold rolled Nb sheet, elongated grains in the rolling direction at the base metal, and the microstructures of the weld metal and the HAZ are similar to those of the EB welds made using the annealed Nb sheet, respectively. For both annealed and cold rolled Nb sheet, the width of the HAZs are unusually wide in spite of using high density heat source, i.e. electron beam, and the grain sizes of both HAZs are similar. When tensile test was carried out using the transverse weld specimens, the failure occurred at the HAZ for both EB welds made using Nb sheets annealed and cold rolled, respectively and the tensile strengths of both specimens were 161MPa. Vickers hardness of EB welds made using annealed Nb was 56-57 Hv at both base metal and weld metal, 52-53 Hv at the HAZ. On the other hand, Vickers hardness of EB welds made using cold rolled Nb was 97-99 Hv at the base metal, but the hardness values of weld metal were similar to those obtained at the weld metal of annealed Nb.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.88-98
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• 1997

Welding defects, such as porosity and spike, have sometimes occurred in deep penetration electron beam welds. These defects are known to be one of the serious problem in electron beam welds. So, effects of active parameters ($a_b$) on bead shape and occurrence of defects in electron beam welds of heavy section 9%Ni steel plates were investigated. Partial penetration welding in flat position, and deep penetration welding of 10 ~ 28mm depth were investigated in this study. It is desirable to select low accelerating voltage and above the surface focus position $a_b$$\geq$1.2 at which a wine-cup shaped bead is obtained to avoid the welding defects such as spike and root porosity. When the accelerating voltage of electron beam was low (90kV), active parameter ($a_b$) did not influence on the bead width, penetration depth and weld defects significantly. However, in case of high voltage ($\geq$120kV), active parameter ($a_b$) was sensitively associated with penetraton depth and weld defects, i.e. when the active parameter (($a_b$) was in the range of 0.6 to 1.0, the depth of penetration was always over the target (23mm), while the depth of penetration was dramatically decreased with further increase of active parameter ($a_b$). The weld defects were decreased with the increase of active parameter $a_b$ resulting in the decrease of energy density of the focused beam in the root part of fusion zone.

• Bulletin of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.51-59
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• 1983

The versatile practical use of electron beam welding which is very high energy density is still in early stage, but in the special welding field, the welding process is used in manufactured goods. The investigation for electron beam welding up to the present was almost achieved not for the mechanical properties of welded joint but for the process itself. On this investigation, the fatigue strength, crack propergation phenomena and hardness of weld metal and heat affected zone of partially penetrated welded joint of HT80 steel by electron beam welding was accomplished. The tensile fatigue strength in weld line direction of the joint was about $25kg/mm^2$. There still appeared spikes on the tips of penetration, and the crack initiated at the tips of spikes not from the roots. The hardness of the weld metal was higher than it of base metal because of production of martensite by rapid cooling.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.199-204
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• 2002

Extensive investigations on cast to cast variations observed in steels have underlined the role of thermocapillary or surface tension driven fluid flow in welding operations. The behavior of weld pool under the electric arc is however affected by possible arc modifications linked to microchemistry variations in materials & this limits to some extent the real contribution from surface tension effects. Thus, electron beam welding with high vacuum was used to investigate thermo-capillary effects on thin austenitic stainless steels & nickel based alloys. The weld pool was monitored by video observations to estimate the importance of fluid flow during the melting & solidification phase. The results underline the importance of fluid flow on [mal solidification.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.68-70
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• 2006

For the aluminum material of the thick-thickness more than 100mm Penetration depth Electron beam welding is effectively applicable with a characteristic of high energy intensity. But Al 6061 alloy has high crack sensitivity due to minor alloys, which are silicon, magnesium, copper etc. With a sample block of 135mm thickness EBW test was performed in vertical position. As tensile strength has $210{\sim}220N/mm^2$ with weld area broken. Bend test shows low ductility with fracture of partly specimens. Chemical contents of alloys show no difference between weld and base metal. Defect in middle weld area figures out typical hot crack due to low melting materials. Micro structure of weld area has some difference compare to HAZ and base metal. As a result of EBW test for Al 6061 alloy, it shows that weld defect could be occurred even though establishing of optimum weld parameter condition.