• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 2005

The function of the masseter and anterior temporal muscles was assessed by electromyography in 30 patients with mandibular prognathism (20 patients with facial asymmetry and 10 patients without facial asymmetry) before orthognathic surgery and 4weeks afterwards. Electromyogram(EMG) recordings were made during resting, clenching and swallowing. We compared with right-left difference of this recording and asymmetry index before and after orthognathic surgery. The result of this study was as follows. 1. There was no significant right-left difference in muscle activities of masticatory muscles both asymmetric groups and controls and many variable change after orthognathic surgery.(P>0.05) 2. The mean electric activity of the masticatory muscles was found to have decreased during more clenching than resting, but there was no statistically significant difference because of individual difference of measuring values.(P>0.05) 3. The asymmetry index of masticatory muscles in asymmetric groups was significantly greater during clenching compared with controls.(P<0.05) In conclusion, no right-left difference of muscle activities was found in patients with facial asymmetry before orthognathic surgery and 4weeks afterwards. Not only muscular functioning but also many other factors, such as occlusion, temporomandibular joint disorder and trauma, probably affect facial asymmetry and will be analyzed in future studies. And we will need long term follow-up after orthognathic surgery.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 2008

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is occurred by apnea by the obstruction of upper trachea while sleeping, followed by repetitive drop on arterial oxygen saturation ($SpO_2$). Therefore, the present study was focused on relation between $SpO_2$ of while having difficulty in breathing and clinical characteristics of OSAS while sleeping. The study took place at Ewha women university Mokdong hospital with 149 subjects (male 121, female 28) who were examined for polysomnography (PSG) from May 2007 to February 2008. All subjects were adhered to electrodes and sensors to measure electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), chin & leg electromyogram (EMG), airflow at nasal and oral cavities, breathing movement of chest and abdominal snoring sound and $SpO_2$. Lowest $SpO_2$ in male was meaningfully low with higher body mass index (BMI), louder snoring sound and thick neck circumference (p<0.01). While mean $SpO_2$ based on the degree of AHI did not show significant difference, lowest $SpO_2$ was significantly low with high AHI (p<0.001). Also, lowest $SpO_2$ was closely correlated with BMI (r=-00.343, p<0.001), snoring sound (r=0.177, p<0.05), apnea index (r=-0.589, p<0.001), hypopnea index (r=-0.336, p<0.001) and apnea-hypopnea index (r=-0.664, p<0.001). $SpO_2$ was closely related to clinical characteristics of OSAS, like male, BMI, snoring sound and neck circumference. Also, polysomnography accompanied by recent development of sleep study is considered as critical test to diagnose OSAS, decide the severity of illness, and evaluate the treatment plan.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.25-31
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• 2016

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the trunk muscle activity according to the direction of upper extremity lifting using elastic band. METHODS: Thirty three healthy individuals participated in this study. Each subject performed upper extremity lifting using elastic band on two different directions (straight and diagonal). And then we compared the muscle activity of respective trunk muscles of both directions. In order to examine the muscle activity of trunk muscle, we used the electromyogram to measure peak and mean torque in shoulder 90 degree flexion with sitting position. Electromyographic activities were recorded from the external oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominis, and erector spine muscles during upper extremity lifting. RESULTS: As a result, first, there was significant difference between two directions. The muscle activity of ipsilateral external oblique and contralateral internal oblique is significantly increased in both straight and diagonal directions (p<0.05). Second, the muscle activities of external oblique and internal oblique of both side showed significant difference in diagonal direction (p<0.05). Third, the muscle activity of erector spine of both side showed significant difference in straight direction (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Through this study, it is important that implement diagonal direction exercise at sitting positions to help increasing muscle activity of ipsilateral external oblique and contralateral internal oblique on patients when activating the trunk muscle or stabilizing the trunk.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.347-354
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• 2014

PURPOSE: This study was to examine changes in muscle activity of lower extremity shoes sole form (high heels, shoes with curved out sole, house shoes). METHODS: The subjects of this study were 12 women in their twenties. They put three kinds of shoes (high heels, shoes with curved out sole, house shoes) and walked 5m. The muscles activities of lower extremity muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medial part) were measured using a wireless electromyogram (EMG). Rectus femoris was attached to 1/2 position at the distance between ASIS and knee bone and vastus medials was attached to 2cm from upper inside of knee bone. Tibialis anterior was attached to 75% position above line connecting knee joint and ankle joint and gastrocnemius medial part was attached to 3 5% position above knee joint and ankle. RESULTS: It was found that there were significant differences in changes of muscles activities of lower extremity muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medial part) on shoes sole forms (p<.05). All lower extremity muscles were showed high muscles activities, when high heels wear (p<.05). Wearing shoes with curved out sole was showed high muscle activity of tibialis anterior and lower muscle activity of gastrocnemius medial part compared with wearing house shoes (p<.05). CONCLUSION: Shoes sole form should be considered when patients with knee and ankle joint problems choose shoes because muscles were showed different activities according to shoes sole forms.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.188-193
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• 2011

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep apnea and is caused by obstruction of the upper airway. Since it is closely related to sleep parameter and body indices, the study was focused on the relationship with them. The results of polysomnography (PSG) in obstructive sleep apnea was done at ENT department of Ewha women university Mokdong hospital from March to September 2010 with 52 subjects (male 35, female 17). The leads were placed to measure electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), mandibular and anterior tibialis electromyogram (EMG), airflow in nasal and oral cavity, chest and abdominal breathing pattern, snoring sound and arterial oxygen saturation ($SpO_2$) level. From sleep parameter and body indices of adult obstructive sleep apnea compared to normal adult revealed that age (p<0.01) and snoring sound (p<0.05) were increased, stage 1 sleep (p<0.01) was increased, the deeper stages (3&4) of sleep (p<0.05) were reduced. Respiratory disturbance index (RDI) (p<0.01), mean $SpO_2$ (p<0.05) and lowest $SpO_2$ (p<0.01) were also decreased. The correlation analysis from sleep parameter and body indices of OSA showed the positive correlation with age (r=0.463, p<0.001), snoring sound (r=0.278, p<0.05), stage 1 sleep (r=0.391, p<0.01) and RDI (r=0.409, p<0.01), but showed the negative correlation with the deeper stages (3&4) of sleep (r=-0.307, p<0.05), mean $SpO_2$=(r=-0.274, p<0.05) and lowest $SpO_2$ (r=-0.392, p<0.01). This study proves that obstructive sleep apnea and indices have closed related.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.562-565
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• 2013

The fact that flip-flops, one of many different types of unstable shoes, are light and relatively easy to put on, accounts for their popularity among people. But because flip-flops rely heavily on the support of a single thong between your first and second toes, they impose a huge amount of pressure onto lower leg. Thus in the following experiment we tried to examine the different effects of flip-flops and running shoes in terms of their effect on muscle activity and fatigue of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius during walking. In order to measure an electromyogram we used Free EMG system. 10 men and 10 women in running shoes ran on treadmills for 15 minutes at 4.8km/h, 2 days later the same experiment was carried out, but this time, in flip-flops. p value turned out to be greater than .05 and thus there was no considerable difference between the effects of flip-flops and running shoes on muscle activity and fatigue during walking. Therefore we conclude that despite the fact that flip-flops are considered unstable, their effects on muscle activity and fatigue of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius are negligible.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.62-70
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• 2018

Background: Sitting posture influences movements of scapulothoracic and glenohumeral joints and changes the shoulder muscle activities. The development and maintenance of correct sitting posture is important for the fundamental treatment of shoulder pain during rehabilitation. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the sitting postures and the shoulder movements on shoulder muscle activities for both male and female. Methods: Twenty-eight subjects without shoulder-related diseases participated in this experiment. The subjects had randomly adopted three different sitting postures (upright posture, preferred posture, maximum slouched posture) and shoulder flexion angles in scapular plane ($30^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $120^{\circ}$). Surface electrodes were collected from upper trapezius (UT), anterior deltoid (AD), and posterior deltoid (PD) and the active shoulder range of motion was measured in each sitting posture and shoulder flexion angle. Results: The active range of motions of the shoulder external rotation and the flexion in the scapular plane decreased from the upright posture to the maximum slouched posture (p<.05, mixed-effect linear regression with random intercept, Tukey post-hoc analysis). All muscles showed the highest EMG activities at $120^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion with the maximum slouched posture and did not show the gender differences. Conclusion: Increased shoulder muscle activities may become the potential risk factor for the shoulder impairment and pain if people continuously maintain the maximum slouched posture. Therefore, an upright position is necessary during shoulder exercises, as well as in activities of daily living, including motions involving lifting the arms.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.25-30
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• 2011

Purpose : This study aims to examine the changes of muscle activity of the tibialis anterior muscle and the gastrocnemius muscle on the ground and unstable ground for functional reach test. Methods : This study chose 24 elderly men and 24 elderly women who could walk independently, reach their arm over 25 cm, show shoulder joint $90^{\circ}$ flexion, had no operations on lower limb joints, and don't take medication affecting the ability to keep balance. Muscular activity of the tibialis anterior muscle and the gastrocnemius muscle was measured using functional reach test and electromyogram. Functional reach test was conducted at a total of four sections, 0cm, 15cm, 20cm, and 25cm. Results : It was known that the gastrocnemius muscle was used more than the tibialis anterior muscle to keep balance and the elderly with good balance ability showed no great change of muscular activity on both the stable and unstable ground. Conclusion : It was found that the subjects used their gastrocnemius muscle more and lower limbs of frequently used parts to keep their balance. As the elderly have good balance ability, they showed no great change of muscular activity on both the stable and unstable ground.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.129-136
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• 2018

PURPOSE: This Study compared the level of activation of the muscles around the shoulder at the time of abduction through Pilates breathing and regular breathing by using quantified biofeedback. METHODS: Experiment was conducted on 25 healthy males and females in the age bracket of 20's~30's as the subjects. The level of activation of muscles displayed at the time of Pilates breathing were measured at intercostal (InC) muscle, transverse abdominis (TrA) muscle, internal oblique (IO) muscle and external oblique (EO) muscle by using surface electromyogram (EMG) and were provided as biofeedback. Moreover, the changes in the level of muscular activation at sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle, upper trapezius (UT) muscle and Deltoid (Del) muscle, which are the muscles around the shoulder, at the time of abduction of shoulder during Pilates breathing and regular breathing were measured. RESULTS: When abduction of shoulder is executed through Pilates breathing, the level of muscular activation of UT muscle was $11.56{\pm}7.10%$ at the time of exhaling of Pilates breathing and $17.54{\pm}9.57%$ at the time of exhaling of regular breathing. Del muscle also displayed lowered level of muscular activation at the time of Pilates breathing with $12.88{\pm}5.80%$ during inhaling and $15.14{\pm}5.49%$ during exhaling. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the results could be interpreted as indicating that the muscle activities of upper trapezius and deltoid muscle were decreased based on Pilates breathing more than those on regular breathing.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.406-413
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• 1997

근전도(EMG:Electromyogram)를 사용하여 국부 근육 피로(Localized Muscle Fatigue)를 정량화으로 분석 하기 위해 널리 이용되고 있는 AR(Autoregressive)모델의 1차 계수, RMS(Root Mean Square), ZCR(Zero Crossing Rate), MPF(Mean Power Frequency), MF(Median Frequency)를 선택하여, 근육이 발휘하는 힘과 시간의 흐름에 따라 근육 피로의 정도를 민감하게 나타내는 매개변수를 규명하였다. 피실험자 10명의 좌우 척추세움근(Erector Spinae Muscle)을 대상으로 등장수축(Sustained Isometric Contraction)조건에서 허리의 신전(Extension)운동을 실시하였다. 이때 발휘해야 하는 힘의 수준은 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, 75% MVC 로 정하였고 각 수준마다 20초 동안 근전도를 측정하 였다. 데이터 분석은 총20초 구간의 근전도를 0.5초 간격으로 나누어 매개변수들을 각각 구하고 분석을 실시하였다. 시간의 흐름에 대한 피로도 분석 결과, AR 모델의 1차 계수와 MPF가 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 낮은 수준의 %MVC에서는 AR 계수가, 높은 수준에서는 MPF가 민감한 반응 결과를 나타냈다. 그리고 근육이 발휘하는 힘의 정도를 분석하기 위해 주로 사용되고 있는 RMS 보다는 더 AR 계수가 모든 수준에서 뚜렷하게 차이를 보인 것이 확인되었다. 따라서 AR 모델의 1차 계수가 근육의 피로 정도와 힘의 수준을 다른 매개변수에 비해 더욱 민감하게 구별함이 입증되었다. 이러한 결과는 다른 분야에서도 근육 피로를 정량적으로 측정하는데 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각되며, 개인적 변이도를 고려한 확률 기법을 사용한다면 보다 정확한 근전도 분석이 이루어질 것으로 기대된다.있음을 알 수 있었다. 사료된다.의 결과는 자전거 에르고노미터의 결과가 트레드밀의 결과에 87.60%정도 나타났다.음을 관찰하였다. 특히 vitamin C와 E의 병용투여는 상승적으로 적용하여 간세포손상을 더욱 억제시킴을 알 수 있었다.mance and on TFP(Total Factor Productivity) growth which is a pure measure of firm performance. To utilize the advantage of panel data, FEM(Fixed Effect Model) and REM(Random Effect Model) were used. The empirical result shows that the entropy index as a measurement of inter-business relatedness is not significant but technological relatedness index is significant. OLS estimates on pooled data were considerably different from FEM or REM estimates on panel data. By introducing interaction effect among the three variables for business portfolio properties, we obtained three findings. First, only VI (Vertical integration) has a significant positive correlation with ROS. Second, when using TFP growth as an dependent variable, both TR(Technological Relatedness) and f[ are signif