• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2013

Background: Minimal infusion of cardioplegic solution (CPS) during aortic surgery using total circulatory arrest (TCA) may reduce several potential side effects: clamping on a diseased aorta, insult of coronary ostia, and edema. Materials and Methods: From 2006 to 2009, 72 patients underwent aortic surgery without infusion of cardioplegic solution at the initiation of circulatory arrest. The diagnoses were acute aortic dissection (44), aneurysm (22), and intramural hematoma (6). Results: The duration of TCA, the lowest nasopharyngeal temperature, bypass time, and aortic clamp time was 45 minutes, $16.4^{\circ}C$, 162 minutes, and 100 minutes, respectively. The amount of CPS was 1,050 mL, and 15 patients underwent surgery without CPS. The average inotrope score was 113 points (range, 6.25 to 5,048.5 points) corresponding to the dopamine infusion of 5 mcg/kg/min for 1 day. Seven patients showed a level of creatine kinase-MB above 50 ng/mL, postoperatively, compared with the average of 12.75 ng/mL. The ischemic change was found on electrocardiogram in 5 patients, postoperatively. There was no cardiac morbidity requiring mechanical assist. The average of intensive care unit stay and postoperative hospital stay was 40 hours (range, 15 to 482 hours) and 11 days, respectively. Conclusion: Minimal infusion of only retrograde CPS during rewarming without initial infusion at TCA in aortic surgery is feasible and can be used with acceptable results.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.383-397
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• 2000

Background/Aims: Dong-Moo Lee Jae-Ma(1837-1900) confirmed the sasangchaejil theory based on the sasang-medicine. This theory has been the main-stem of oriental medicine during 100 years in Korea. But rarely anyone has tried to prove this theory systemicaly. So we have a trial to clarify any relationship between the sasangchaejil and the laboratory and clinical results of mass screening tests. Methods: We evaluated the laboratory values of 280 people who had taken many clinical and laboratory tests. The laboratory examinations were complete blood count, liver and kidney function test, ultrasonogram of the abdomen and breasts, gastrofiberscope, many tumor markers body mass index, blood pressure, glucose, and electrocardiogram, etc. Results: 1) Among the 280 subjects, 187/66.8% were sowumin, 58/20.7% were taewumin and 35/12.5% were soyangin. 2) Those who reacted positive to HBsAb were 22 subjects(62.8%) in soyangin, 57.2% in sowumin and 55.1% in raewumin. But there were no significant correlations. 3) 45 subjects(72.4%) in taewumin had obesity, fatty liver and hyperlipidemia.(P<0.05) 4) 20.6% in taewumin had abnormal LFT suggesting hepatic disease. It was statistically sigificant.(P<0.05) 5) An anemic state was present in women of soyangin and sowumin mostly. Since an iron deficiency anemia is common in women, there were no significant corelations among sasangchaejil. Also urinary tract infectons were common in women. 6) 6 subjects in taewumin(10.3%) had cardiac problems, while only one case(2.8%) occured in soyangin and 7 cases(3.7%) in sowumin. Taewumin was significantly high.(P<0.05) 7) In the case of gastric disease, there was no distinguishable difference among sasangchaejil.(taewumin 37.9%, soyangin 31.4% and sowumin 35.2% rrespectively) 8) There was no significant difference beteen subjects with different blood types using sasangchaejil. Conclusions: There were some significant relationship between sasangchaejil and diseases prevalent to them by the theory of sasang-medicine. But Lee didn't considered the differences of gender, the change of body status according to the development of culture, and circumstances of their lives. Also he didn't consider the existence of infectious agents. Now more systemic study with larger populations are requied.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제61권6호
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• pp.891-898
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• 2012

The study for the passenger's comfortableness of vehicles and the arousal of car drivers has been done widely. On the other hand, there are few studies for the locomotive engineers. Human error means that the mistakes made by human, recently it receives attention in the field of safety engineering and human engineering. Comparing the operating condition of train with car, because of the simplification of the visual stimulus, the arousal level on the train goes down easily. The arousal level down makes judgement down, the accident risk from human error is getting bigger. In this study, we measured bio-signals(ECG, EDA, PPG, respiration and EEG) from 6 locomotive engineers to evaluate their arousal state while they operated the train. Also we recorded the 3 axes acceleration signal showing the vibration state of train. Also, the existence of tunnels were simultaneously measured. At the station section where the train speed goes down, the size of vector's sum decreases because of reduced vibration. Beta component in EEG tends to increase at the entering point of each station and tunnel. It is due to the arousal reaction and tension growth. The mean SCR(skin conductance response) was more increased in neutral section. As the button control movement (body movement) increases in the neutral section, it is appeared that SCR increase. RR interval tends to gradually increase during train operation for 1 hour 40 minutes. However, It tends to sharply decrease at the stop station because strong concentration needed to stop train on the exact point. The engineer's arousal reaction can be checked through analysing the bio-signal change during train operation. Therefore, if this analysing result is adopted to the sleepiness prevention caution system, it will be useful for the safety train operation.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.141-149
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• 1999

본 연구에서는 수면상태에서의 자율신경 활동을 관찰하기 위하여 웨이브렛 변환을 이용하여 HRV 신호를 분석하였다. 심전도 신호로부터 HRV 신호를 재구성하고 웨이브렛 변환을 통하여 얻은 계수를 이용하여 신호를 주파수 대역별 분석하였다. 분석된 결과를 AR 모델 기법을 이용한 기존의 주파 수 분석 방법과 비교하였다. 본 논문에서 제안한 웨이브렛 계수에 의한 전력스펙트럼 성분은 기존의 FFT나 AR모델 방법에 의한 결과와 동일한 경향을 나타내고 있었다. 따라서, 웨이브렛 계수에 의한 전력스펙트럼 분석방법은 HRV 신호를 이용한 자율신경계 활동 분석의 도구로 유용함을 알 수 있었다. 피검자가 일단 수면상태로 빠져들면, 심혈관계 역시 빠른 속도로 반응하여 수면에 적절한 활동을 수행하게 된다. 이러한 적응 활동은 심혈관 기관에 따라 차이는 있지만 대부분 수초내에 일어나게 된다. 본 논문에서 제안한 웨이브렛에 의한 분석 기법은 기존의 방법으로는 불가능했던 시간대별 변화 추이를 잘 표현할 수 있으므로 HRV 신호의 분석뿐만 아니라 다른 생체 신호의 분석에도 유용 할 것으로 예상된다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.1191-1194
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to investigate the change of Heart Rate Variability(HRV) that mild cold stimulus on the forehead of healthy men induces. 34 healthy male subjects participated in the experiments. On the first test series, 15 subjects were applied to the mild cold stimulus by the devise for cold stimulation. In the second test series, 10 subjects With heat Syndrome and 5 subjects With cold Syndrome were applied to the mild cold Stimulus. Aa a additional test, 4 subjects with cold syndrome were applied to the warm stimulus in the last test series. We analyzed the HRV through measuring electrocardiogram.(ECG). The result of this study is comparatively clear. In the first test series, mild cold stimulus made parasympathetic nervous system be activated. In the second test series, mild cold stimulus made parasympathetic nervous system be activated both in subjects with heat syndrome and subjects with cold syndrome, and heat syndrome shows more active parasympathetic nervous system rather than cold syndrome subjects do. In the last test series, 2 subjects with cold syndrome respond the mild cold stimulus. That means warm stimulus of cold condition subjects made parasympathetic nervous system active in 2 of 4 subjects. We found out that mild cold stimulus on forehead makes parasympathetic nervous system be activated in healthy male, and it can be interpreted that mild cold stimulus make healthy human be relaxed. Also, subjects have different fondness of thermal stimulus according to their Cold or Heat condition Preferences. Last test series shows that we need to investigate effect of the warm stimulus heat syndrome subjects.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.37-50
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• 2004

Objective : In this study, we investigated the effects of Hwangryunhaedoktang Herbal-acupuncture(HHT) at a acupoint, $G_{21}$(Kyonjong) on the Heart Rate Variability(HRV) in adults, as well as we tried to observe how HHT affects on the balance of the autonomic nervous system. Methods : The subject were comprised of 20 healthy adults, who didn't take any drugs which affected on the autonomic nervous system and had normal sinus rhythm in electrocardiogram. The control group was comprised of 9 subjects, who were injected normal saline at $G_{21}$(Kyonjong). The experiment group consisted of 10 subjects, who were injected HHT at $G_{21}$(Kyonjong). We measured HRV by CANS 3000 on three times : before, immediately after, and 20 minutes after injection. The SPSS 10.0 for windows was used to analyze the date and the Wilcoxon signed rank test (in group) and Mann-Whitney U-test(between two groups) were used to verify the results. Results : The following results were obtained ; 1. In each group, Mean-HRV and Mean-RR showed a significant change during 20 minutes after injection. But there were no significant difference between two groups(p>0.05). 2. In experiment group, 20 minutes after injection, norm LF and LHR showed a significant decrease and norm HF showed a significant increase. There were significant difference between two groups(p<0.05). Conclusions : The findings suggest that HHT at $G_{21}$(Kyonjong) in adults relatively activate parasympathetic nervous system and inactivate sympathetic nervous system.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.211-224
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to present a way to alleviate motion sickness(MS) by stimulating acupoint through PEMFs, and to assess the effectiveness of PEMFs against stimulation previously used to stimulate acupoint using biosignal evaluations and surveys. Materials and Methods: Thirteen healthy men participated in the experiment. MS was induced in the participants, and MS relief stimulation was applied for 30 minutes. There were 4 types of MS relief stimulation, and Sham, Reliefband, Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS), and Pulsed electromagnetic fields stimulation(PEMFs) were used. The biosignals were measured during 30 minutes of applying MS relief stimulation, and the symptoms of MS were evaluated through a questionnaire survey. The measured biosignals are Electrocardiogram(ECG), Electrodermal activity(EDA), Respiration, Skin temperature(SKT), and Electrogastrogram(EGG). A one-way ANOVA test was performed for the rate of change by stimulation for MS relief over time. Results: Participants who were stimulated had a sharp decrease in MS symptoms. Biosignals were analyzed to evaluate autonomic nervous system activity, and the parasympathetic nervous system could be activated through stimulation. Conclusion: TENS and PEMFs were more effective in relieving MS symptoms than Reliefband. It is believed that PEMFs will be effective in consideration of the comfort of participants to be applied to actual vehicles, and studies to further verify the effects of PEMFs on MS should be conducted.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제38권9호
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• pp.609-615
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• 2005

배경: 관상동맥루 환자의 수술 적응증과 수술시기에 대하여 여러 가지 논란이 있으나 최근 들어서는 수술의 위험성이 거의 없고 장기 성적을 개선하는 역할을 한다는 이유로 진단이 되면 수술을 하는 것이 대부분의 병원의 치료 전략이다. 본 연구에서는 과거 20년간 본 병원에서 경험한 관상동맥루의 해부학적 다양성과 수술결과를 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1986년부터 2005년까지 단일 병원에서 관상동맥루로 수술 받은 20명의 환자를 대상으로 후향적으로 의무기록을 검토하였다. 결과: 12명($60.0\%$)의 환자들은 술 전 자각 증상이 없었으며 모든 환자를 대상으로 술 전 심전도와 심초음파를 시행하였고 17명의 환자는 관상동맥 조영술까지 시행하였다. 형태학적으로 동일 환자에서 두 군데 이상의 관상동맥루가 있었던 경우는 없었으며 동맥루의 기시부가 좌관상동맥이었던 경우가 11예, 우관상동맥이었던 경우가 9예였다. 관상동맥루의 심장 내 유입위치는 우심실인 경우가 11예, 우심방인 경우가 3예, 주폐동맥인 경우가 2예, 상대정맥인 경우가 1예였으며 좌심실로 유입되는 경우는 3예였다. 병변 부위의 관상동맥은 확장되거나 동맥류를 만들고 있었는데 관상동맥의 확장과 함께 동맥경화가 동반되어 있었던 경우가 1예 있었으나 술 전 심전도상 심근 허혈의 증거는 없었다. 수술은 심장외폐쇄술과 심장내폐쇄술, 혹은 두 가지 방법을 함께 사용하였는데 심장외폐쇄술만을 시행한 경우가 13예로 이 중 관상동맥루의 결찰술만을 시행한 경우가 7예, 결찰술과 추벽성형술을 함께 시행한 경우가 3예, 관상동맥루 종절개를 통해 추벽성형술을 시행한 경우가 2예, 첩포폐쇄술을 시행한 경우가 1예였다. 심장내페쇄술만을 시행한 경우는 5예였고 심장외측에서의 결찰술과 심장내폐쇄술을 함께 시행한 경우가 2예 있었다. 수술 사망은 없었으며 술 후 합병증으로 일시적인 동성부정맥이 2예, 완전방실차단이 1예, 심실기능저하가 2예, 심실성빈맥이 1예, 심막염이 1예, 간질성 발작이 1예 있었으나 퇴원 당시 모두 소실되었다. 평균 추적 관찰 기간은 55.1$\pm$50.2개월(4개월${\~}$18년)이었으며 재발한 경우는 없었으나 우관상동맥에 발생한 관상동맥루에 대해 첩포폐쇄술 후 발생한 근위대동맥의 동맥류성 변화로 인한 2차 수술이 1예 있었다. 결론: 저자 등은 본 연구를 통해 관상동맥루의 해부학적 다양성을 확인할 수 있었으며 정확한 술 전 진단 하에 외과 교정을 시행하였을 때 경험한 모든 경우에 서 재발을 포함한 증상의 잔존 없이 완치가 가능하여 향후에도 진단이 되면 수술하는 것을 본 질환의 치료 원칙으로 삼고자 한다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1180-1190
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• 1990

96 patients underwent cardiac valve replacement for valvular heart diseases consecutively between February 1986 to February 1990 in the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery of Yeungnam University Hospital. The follow up period was between 6 months and 4.5 years postoperatively[mean 23.4$\pm$13.1 months]. 75 cases got mitral valve replacement, 6 cases, aortic valve replacement, 15 cases, double valve replacement. 30[31.2%] patients were male and 66[68.8%] were female and the age ranged from 14 to 66 years old. Early hospital death within 30 days postoperation were 5 patients[5.2%], consisting of by low cardiac output in 2, infective endocarditis in 1, multiple organ failure with sepsis in 1 patient. There was no late postoperative death. Most common early postoperative complication was wound disruption [8.7%] and then low cardiac output, pneumothorax, pleural effusion in order. Most common late postoperative complications were minor bleeding episodes[8.7%] related to anticoagulant therapy which were consisted of frequent epistaxis in 3, gum bleeding in 2, hemorrhagic gastritis in 1, hypermenorrhea in 1, hematoma in right arm in 1 patient. Valve-related complications included valve thrombosis [1.6%/ patient-year], valve failure due to pannus formation[1.1% /patient-year], prosthetic valve endocarditis[1, 1%o/patient-year] and minor anticoagulant hemorrhage[4.4% /patient-year]. 5 cases of reoperations were performed in 4 patients due to valve failure and all of them were in the mitral positions[2.7% /patient-year]. Cardiothoracic ratios in the chest X-ray decreased at the 6th month and 1st year postoperation in all patients. But in New York Heart Association[NYHA] functional class IV, no change in cardiothoracic ratio was found between 6 months and 1 year postoperation. In the echocardiogram, the size of the cardiac chambers decreased, but ejection fraction increased postoperatively in each functional class. In the electrocardiogram, decreases were found in the incidence of atrial fibrillation, left atrial enlargement, left ventricular hypertrophy with right bundle branch block increasing postoperatively in each functional class. The actuarial survival rate was 98.4% for all patients, 98.7% for mitral valve replacement, 83.8% for aortic valve replacement, and 80% for double valve replacement at the end of a 4.5 year follow up period. Meanwhile the actuarial freedom rate was 91.5% for prosthetic valve endocarditis, 91.6% for thromboembolism, 89.0% for prosthetic valve failure and 83.7% for minor anticoagulant hemorrhage. Preoperative NYHA class III and IV were 75% of all patients, but 95% of all patients were up graded to NYHA class I and II postoperatively.

• 감성과학
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2003

본 실험은 자동차 시뮬레이터의 속도 변화(40, 70, 100km/h)와 롤러코스터 시뮬레이터의 운동성 구현 방법(washout 필터 적용, washout 필터 비적용)에 따른 인간 감성을 탑승자의 심리ㆍ생리적 반응을 통하여 비교 평가하였다. 자동차 시뮬레이터, 롤러코스터 시뮬레이터에 각각 건강한 20대 남자 12명, 8명을 대상으로 simulator sickness, 쾌적감, 긴장감, 각성감, 속도감에 대한 주관적 평가 및 생리신호로 뇌파의 변동리듬, 심전도, 피부전기저항을 주행 전후에서 측정하였다. 결과, 자동차 시뮬레이터에서의 저속 주행보다 운동 형태가 다양한 롤러코스터 시뮬레이터 주행시 쾌적감, 긴장감, 각성감, 속도감, 뇌파 변동리듬을 통한 쾌적도가 높았다. 뇌파의 알파파 대역의 평균 주파수는 롤러코스터 주행보다 자동차 주행에서 더 높았고, 심박률과 피부전기저항은 각 주행조건에서 주행 전후간 유의하게 변화하였다. 이상에서 주행 속도의 증가, 다양한 운동 형태의 시뮬레이터 주행시 주관적 감성은 높았고, 생리적 반응은 주행 속도 증가에 따라 활성화됨을 알 수 있었다.