• Journal of Drive and Control
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2020

The aim of this study is to design a simulation model for an electric All-Wheel-Drive (AWD) tractor to evaluate the performance of the selected component and agricultural work ability. The electric AWD tractor consists of four motors independently for each drive wheel, and each motor is combined with an engine generator, a battery pack, and reducers. The torque data of a 78 kW-class tractor was measured during plow tillage and driving operation to develop a workload cycle. A simulation model was developed by using commercial software, Simulation X, and it used the workload as the simulation condition. As a result of simulation analysis, the drive system, including an electric motor and reducers, was able to cope with high load during plow tillage. The SOC (State of Charge) level was influenced by the output power of the motor, and it was maintained in the range of 50~80%. The fuel consumed by the engine was about 18.23 L during working on a total of 8 fields. The electric AWD tractor was able to perform agricultural work for about 7 hours. In the future study, the electric AWD tractor will be developed reflecting the simulation condition. Research on the comparison between the simulation model and the electric AWD tractor should be performed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.7250-7255
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• 2015

The objective of this study is to experimentally investigate the heating performances of the portable air combustion heater using diesel fuel for auxiliary cabin heating of the battery electric vehicle. In order to evaluate the heating performances of the air combustion heater, the heating capacity was calculated by the temperature at inlet and outlet parts of the considered heater and the inner temperature distribution characteristics of the vehicle were measured during 1600 seconds with an interval of 1 second. The theoretical efficiency of the tested heater was calculated by temperature data of the air of supplying and exhausting to the cabin. As the air passed the heat-sink, the air temperature at the end of heat-sink reached to $101.3^{\circ}C$ and the difference of temperature on heat-sink was 67.8%. The average heating capacity of the air combustion heater showed 2.0 kW. After 1800 seconds, the inner temperature of the vehicle cabin was continuously increased. The temperatures of the top side and the bottom side of the car cabin under consideration were increased upto $42.5^{\circ}C$ and $24.3^{\circ}C$, respectively, and the theoretical efficiency of the tested heater was on average 63.7%.

• IEMEK Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.215-225
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• 2020

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors detect the distance of the surrounding environment and objects. Conventional LiDAR sensors require a certain amount of a power because they detect objects by transmitting lasers at a regular interval depending on a constant resolution. The constant power consumption from operating multiple LiDAR sensors is detrimental to autonomous and electric vehicles using battery power. In this paper, we propose two algorithms that improve the inefficient power consumption during the constant operation of LiDAR sensors. LiDAR sensors with algorithms efficiently reduce the power consumption in two ways: (a) controlling the resolution to vary the laser transmission period (T_P) of a laser diode (LD) depending on the vehicle's speed and (b) reducing the static power consumption using a sleep mode depending on the surrounding environment. A proposed LiDAR sensor with a resolution control algorithm reduces the power consumption of the LD by 6.92% to 32.43% depending on the vehicle's speed, compared to the maximum number of laser transmissions (N_x·max). The sleep mode with a surrounding environment-sensing algorithm reduces the power consumption by 61.09%. The proposed LiDAR sensor has a risk factor for 4-cycles that does not detect objects in the sleep mode, but we consider it to be negligible because it immediately switches to an active mode when a change in surrounding conditions occurs. The proposed LiDAR sensor was tested on a commercial processor chip with the algorithm controlling the resolution according to the vehicle's speed and the surrounding environment.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.73-82
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• 2011

Most of countries start to restrict the emission gases of vehicles especially CO2 because of the global warming. Many vehicle companies including Toyota have launched various HEVs to satisfy the restriction laws and to improve the vehicle's efficiency. However, development for heavy-duty hybrid system is not plentiful rather than the passenger car. In this study, we choose the optimal size of engine, motor and battery for heavy-duty hybrid systems using dynamic programming. Also we analyze the correlation of the system's cost and efficiency because the added cost of vehicle to make the hybrid system is very important factor for the manufacturing companies. Finally, this study suggests a method to choose the appropriate system components size considering its performance and the cost. With this method, it is possible to select the component size for various systems.

• Clean Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.116-121
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• 2020

In this paper, the recycling of waste Ni-MH battery by-products for electric vehicle is studied. Although rare earths elements still exist in waste Ni-MH battery by-products, they are not valuable as materials in the form of by-products (such as an insoluble substance). This study investigates the recovering of rare earth oxide for solvent extraction A/O ratio, substitution reaction, and reaction temperature, and scrubbing of the rare earth elements for high purity separation. The by-product (in the form of rare earth elements insoluble powder) is converted into hydroxide form using 30% sodium hydroxide solution. The remaining impurities are purified using the difference in solubility of oxalic acid. Subsequently, Yttrium is isolated by means of D2EHPA (Di-[2-ethylhexyl] phosphoric acid). After cerium is separated using potassium permanganate, lanthanum and neodymium are separated using PC88A (2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester) and it is calcinated at a temperature of 800 ℃. As a result of the physical and chemical measurement of the calcined lanthanum and neodymium powder, it is confirmed that the powder is a microsized porous powder in an oxide form of 99.9% or more. Rare earth oxides are recovered from Ni-MH battery by-products through two solvent extraction processes and one oxidation process. This study has regenerated lanthanum and neodymium oxide as a useful material.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.94-99
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• 2014

Recently, trends in new transportation system development have been primarily focused on sustainable and ecofriendly mobility solutions. The personal rapid transit (PRT) system has been considered a promising candidate in this category; its competitiveness is being improved through convergence with cutting-edge electric vehicle (EV) technologies. However, battery-powered vehicles pose difficult technical challenges in attempts to achieve reliable and efficient operation. In this study, a design approach for a solar-power assisted PRT system is presented with small-scale demonstrations aimed at circumventing challenges facing its adoption, as well as helping speed the transition to electric-powered ground transportation. From the results, it is expected that flexible photovoltaic (PV) cells will be able to supply 11% of the power required by the service equipment installed in a prototype vehicle. In particular, flexible photovoltaic (PV) cells are advantageous in terms of cost, weight, and design considerations. Most importantly, the cells' flexibility and attach-ability are expected to give them great potential for extended application in various areas.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 2013.11a
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• pp.143-144
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 전기자동차 배터리 충방전용 3상 인터리브드 양방향 DC-DC 컨버터의 소프트 스위칭에 대해 다루었다. 양방향 DC-DC 컨버터의 한쪽 단자는 계통과 연결된 PWM 컨버터의 DC-link단과 연결되고, 다른 한쪽 단자는 배터리에 연결된다. 양방향 DC-DC 컨버터의 소프트스위칭에 대해 기술한 다음 인덕터의 권선 저항이 소프트 스위칭 동작에 미치는 영향을 분석하였으며, 시뮬레이션을 통하여 제안한 방식의 타당성을 검증하였다.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 2013.11a
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• pp.35-36
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• 2013

본 논문은 EV(Electric Vehicle)에 사용되는 배터리의 충/방전 전류에 따른 SOC(State of Charge) 및 전압특성을 Matlab Simulink로 구현하였으며, 검증을 위해 양방향 DC-DC 컨버터를 설계하여 실험을 하였다. 배터리 모델에 사용된 파라미터는 Randles등가회로를 기반으로 펄스방전을 통해 추출하였고, 단자전압 계산부에 3D Look-up 테이블을 이용해 적용하였다. SOC계산부는 전류에 따른 용량변화를 보상하기 위해 Peukert Effect를 적용하였으며, FTP-75 전류패턴으로 온도($0^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$)에 따라 실험한 결과 시뮬레이션의 오차율은 5%로 높은 정확도를 갖는 것을 확인을 통해 검증 하였다.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.63 no.7
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• pp.910-915
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• 2014

Recently, wireless power transfer (WPT) system is widely studied. WPT system is very attractive because it removes power cables from home appliances, office equipment and battery chargers for electric vehicle. However, pickup's posture affects the performance greatly. In this paper a new pickup system whose output voltage is less sensitive to its posture is proposed. The proposed pickup system is composed of three coils perpendicular to each other. A prototype is constructed and tested, and its usefulness is verified.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 2011.07a
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• pp.440-441
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• 2011

전기자동차의 고압배터리는 차종과 배터리의 종류에 따라 다양한 공칭전압을 가지며, 하나의 모델에 적용된 배터리도 사용에 따라 충전전압의 범위가 넓기 때문에 충전기의 출력전압이 광범위한 특성을 가져야 한다. 본 논문에서는 단상 110/220V 입력전원에 대하여 250V ~ 450V 범위의 직류전압의 특성을 만족시키기 위하여 LLC 공진형 컨버터를 적용하였으며, 제작된 시제품을 통하여 실차 배터리 충전시험을 실시하여 그 성능을 확인한다.