• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2007

Biofilm media was equipped in two-compartmented wastewater treatment bioreactor which was separated by porcelain septum. DC 2.0 volt of electric potential was charged to anodic (oxidative) biofilm media (ABM) to induce oxidation potential but not to that of carbon (neutral) biofilm media (CBM) that was used for control test. Biofilm structure, biomass variation, Off variation and wastewater treatment efficiency in the bioreactor equipped with ABM (ABM-bioreactor) and CBM (CBM-bioreactor). Time-coursed variation of biofilm structure forming on surface of ABM and CBM was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The biofilm growing on ABM was dispersed on surface and was not completely covered the media but the biofilm growing on CBM was continuously increased and finally covered the media. The ORP of CBM was decreased to 100 mV, which was reciprocally proportional to the biomass growth. However, the ORP of ABM was about 800 mV, which was maintained during operation for about 60 days. The treatment efficiency of COD in the ABM bioreactor was 2 times higher than those in the CBM bioreactor. From these results, we proposed that electrochemical oxidation potential charged to biofilm media may inhibit formation of biofilm extremely condensed and activate bacterial cell metabolism.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 2006

This study was conducted to detect the apoptosis incidence in blastocysts and to compare the abundance of Bax, Bcl2L1, VEGF and FGFR2 in in vitro fertilized (IVF), parthenogenetic (PAT) and nuclear transfer (NT) embryos. Oocytes matured for 40 hr were enucleated and reconstructed with confluenced fetal fibroblasts (FFs) derived from a ${\sim}45$ day fetus. Reconstructed eggs were then fused with 2 DC pulses (2.0 kV/cm, $30{\mu}sec$) and cultured with $7.5{\mu}g/ml$ cytochalasin B for 3 hr. Parthenotes (PAT) were produced with the same electric strength and culture for NT eggs. The embryos were cultured in NCSU-23 medium at $39^{\circ}C,\;5%\;CO_2,\;5%\l;O_2$ in air. In 3 runs, set of 10 embryos at the 4-cell to blastocyst stages were used to extract total RNA for analyzing the gene expression patterns of pro-apoptotic (Bax), anti-apoptotic (Bcl2L1), vasculogenesis (VEGF), implantation (FGFR2III) using real-time quantitative PCR. Cleavage and blastocyst rates were significantly higher (P<0.05) in IVF and PAT ($79.3{\pm}8.5\;and\;25.5{\pm}6.1,\;and\;85.0{\pm}6.4\;and\;38.6{\pm}5.5$, respectively)than NT counterparts ($65.1{\pm}5.2\;and\;15.6{\pm}3.0$, respectively). Significantly higher (P<0.05) total cells were observed in IVF controls and PAT ($34.7{\pm}5.8\;and\;38.1{\pm}4.1$) than NT embryos ($24.8{\pm}3.2$). Apoptosis index was significantly lower (P<0.05) in IVF than NT embryos. The Relative abundances (RA) of Bax and VEGF were significantly higher (P<0.05) at blastocyst stage in NT than IVF control. The RA of Bcl2L1 and FGFR2III were significantly higher (P<0.05) at blastocyst stage in IVF than NT. The present study observed the abnormal gene expressions in NT embryos at various developmental stages, suggesting certain clues to find out the cause of the low efficiency of NT to term.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.35-49
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• 1990

A highly purified $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ from the rectal gland of Squalus acanthias and from the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus has been used to raise antibodies in rabbits. The 97,000 dalton catalytic subunit and glycoprotein derived from the rectal gland of spiny shark were also used as antigens. The two $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ holoenzymes and the two shark subunits were antigenic. In Ouchterlony double diffusion experiments, these antibodies formed precipitation bands with their antigens. Antibodies prepared against the two subunits of shark holoenzyme also formed precipitation bands with their antigens and shark holoenzyme, but not with eel holoenzyme. These observations are in good agreement with inhibitory effect of these antibodies on the catalytic activity of $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ both from the shark and the eel, since there is very little cross-reaction between the shark anticatalytic subunit antibodies and the eel holoenzyme. The maximum antibodies titer of the anticatalytic subunit antibodies is found to be 6 weeks after the initial single exposure to this antigen. Multiple injections of the antigen increased the antibody titer. However, the time required to produce the maximum antibody titer was approximately the same. These antibodies also inhibit catalytic activity of $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ vesicles reconstituted by a slow dialysis of cholate after solubilization of the enzyme in a presonicated mixture of cholate and phospholipid. In these reconstituted $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ vesicles, effects of these antibodies on the fluxes of $Na^+$, $Rb^+$, and $K^+$ were investigated. Control or preimmune serum had no effect on the influx of $^{22}Na^+$ or the efflux of $^{86}Rb^+$. Immunized sera against the shark $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ holoenzyme, its glycoprotein or catalytic subunit did inhibit the influx of $^{22}Na^+$ and the efflux of $^{86}Rb^+$. It was also demonstrated that these antibodies inhibit the coupled counter-transport of $Na^+$ and $K^+$ as studied by means of dual labeling experiments. However, this inhibitory effect of the antibodies on transport of ions in the $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ vesicles is manifested only on the portion of energy and temperature dependent alkali metal fluxes, not on the portion of ATP and ouabain insensitive ion movement. Simultaneous determination of effects of the antibodies on ion fluxes and vesicular catalytic activity indicates that an inhibition of active ion transport in reconstituted $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ vesicles appears to be due to the inhibitory action of the antibodies on the enzymatic activity of $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ molecules incorporated in the vesicles. These findings that the inhibitory effects of the antibodies specific to $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ or to its subunits on ATP and temperature sensitive monovalent cation transport in parallel with the inhibitory effect of vesicular catalytic activity by these antibodies provide direct evidence that $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ is the molecular machinery of active cation transport in this reconstituted $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ vesicular system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.705-711
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• 2008

In case of the domestic condition, as the initiating from Sumjin River Dam, total 14 units of multipurpose dams had been constructed in 1965 for the roles of flood control, waterpower generation, irrigation, water supply, industrial water supply. In the case of such multipurpose dam, it produces electric energy by converting the potential energy utilizing its head and quantity of the water into kinetic energy. However, in this process, since during the time when the turbine connected to the hydraulic turbine dynamo revolves and there occurs a loud noise, it brings the physical, mental bad influences to those people also a decline of an effective working efficiency. On such point of view, after selection of various 16 measurement points, this study has measured and analyzed the travelling characteristics of noise generated at the hydraulic turbine dynamo in Daechung Dam, and also has evaluated the degree of indoor noise using the evaluation index such as PSIL, NC. As the result of noise-evaluation, in case of Daechung Dam, since the noise damage grade appears very seriously at various spaces, it is considering that its soundproof measure would be necessitated keenly. Also, it is considered that such data could be utilized as the valuable material hereafter for establishment of an efficient noise-reduction countermeasure and a comfortable working environment for the hydraulic turbine dynamo plant.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.451-454
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• 2000

Invasive methode and Non-invasive methode are used in blood pressure measurement. The Invasive methode can Set the correct measured blood pressure but, it has patient feels uncomfortable. So most of cases use Non-invasive methode. The Oscillometric method is commonly apply to modem electric sphygmomanometer and using various algorithm. In this paper describe about a algorithm it control and to determinate the cuff pressure, and filtering that data for measure the blood pressure. The communicating with personal computer can pressure deflation is by Solenoid valve and it uses RS-232 system in packet communication. The main using algorithm for blood pressure measurements are maximum amplitude algorithm and oscillometric algorithm. MAA(maximum amplitude algorithm) has various measured oscillation it depend on patient's age, height, weight and arm circumference size. In this paper, 1 studied the various measured oscillation apply to characteristic ratio and can get the result of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure. It was not used same ratio to measuring oscillation. In the MAA(maximum amplitude algorithm), we hope for reduce the difference with the real blood pressure and the measured blood pressure, when it applied with various specific ratio.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.93-102
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• 2018

This paper reports a Surge Protective Device (SPD) that is used to protect an automatic metering interface (AMI) power supplies of communication equipment on a low-voltage distribution system from a lightning current. The surge protective device (SPD) can be classified as one-port SPDs and two-port SPDs with decoupling elements depending on the connection type. The protection of internal systems against the lightning current may require a systematic approach consisting of coordinated SPDs. To deal with this, the definition of a lightning protection zone (LPZ) was studied and interpreted through a theoretical review. Because the lightning current resulting from a lightning surge is considerably high, there is limited protection from one SPD; therefore, coordinated cascaded MOV-based SPDs are installed to solve this problem. Regarding the power grid mentioned in this paper, a class II SPD for the low-voltage distribution system installed on the border of LPZ1 and LPZ2, which establish a protection coordination with the Arrester (LA, SA) that corresponds to the LPZO installed on the MOF stage connected to one system were designed to protect various communication (control) equipment, including the automatic meter reading system inside the branch-type electric supply panel of a building, not the incoming side of one system. In addition, performance-related tests were done by a comparison with the existing method through testing, and the optimal design was achieved for the 1-port SPD that uses a series connection and can bleed load current without any decoupling element.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2000

To reconstruct 3- D shape, It is a common strategy to acquire multiple range Images from different viewpoints and integrate them into a common coordinates In this paper, we particularly focus on the registration and integration processes for combining all range Images into one surface model. For the registration, we propose the 2-step registration algorithm, which consists of 2 steps the rough registration step using all data points and the fine registration step using the high-curved data points For the integration, we propose a new algorithm, referred to as ‘multi-registration’ technique, to alleviate the error accumulation problem, which occurs during applying the pair-wise registration to each range image sequentially, in order to transform them into a common reference frame Intensive experiments are performed on the various real range data In experiments, all range images were registered within 1 minutes on Pentium 150MHz PC The results show that the proposed algorithms registrate and integrate multiple range Images within a tolerable error bound in a reasonable computation time, and the total error between all range Images are equalized with our proposed algorithms.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 1997

The powder preparation by using emulsion drying method, one of the chemical powder fabrication methods has the advantages; easy to control the chemical stoichiometry and to fabricate homogeneously fine particles. In the present study, the initial morphology and size distribution of the powder fabricated by using emulsion dry-ing method were controlled and were improved the homogeneity. By carefully controlling the mixing ratio of oil phase and aqueous solution and surfactant of preventing emulsion separation, the Bi(Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O su-perconducting powders were prepared. The properties of the superconducting powder fabricated by this method and the microstructures and superconducting properties of the pelletized samples were investigated. The microstructures and electric properties of the tapes prepared by oxide powder-in-tube method were in-vestigated. The fabricated powder was spherical with less than 1$\mu$m but most of them was agglomerated with 2~5$\mu$m in size. The critical temperature of the pelletized sample annealed at 84$0^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours in oxygen par-tial pressure of 1/13atm in Ar atmosphere was 108K. And the critical current of the first and second annealed tapes in air prepared by oxide powder-in-tube process were 0.4A and 1.5A, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.363-363
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• 2008

The development of dry etching process for sapphire wafer with plasma has been key issues for the opto-electric devices. The challenges are increasing control and obtaining low plasma induced-damage because an unwanted scattering of radiation is caused by the spatial disorder of pattern and variation of surface roughness. The plasma-induced damages during plasma etching process can be classified as impurity contamination of residual etch products or bonding disruption in lattice due to charged particle bombardment. Therefor, fine pattern technology with low damaged etching process and high etch rate are urgently needed. Until now, there are a lot of reports on the etching of sapphire wafer with using $Cl_2$/Ar, $BCl_3$/Ar, HBr/Ar and so on [1]. However, the etch behavior of sapphire wafer have investigated with variation of only one parameter while other parameters are fixed. In this study, we investigated the effect of pressure and other parameters on the etch rate and the selectivity. We selected $BCl_3$ as an etch ant because $BCl_3$ plasmas are widely used in etching process of oxide materials. In plasma, the $BCl_3$ molecule can be dissociated into B radical, $B^+$ ion, Cl radical and $Cl^+$ ion. However, the $BCl_3$ molecule can be dissociated into B radical or $B^+$ ion easier than Cl radical or $Cl^+$ ion. First, we evaluated the etch behaviors of sapphire wafer in $BCl_3$/additive gases (Ar, $N_2,Cl_2$) gases. The behavior of etch rate of sapphire substrate was monitored as a function of additive gas ratio to $BCl_3$ based plasma, total flow rate, r.f. power, d.c. bias under different pressures of 5 mTorr, 10 mTorr, 20 mTorr and 30 mTorr. The etch rates of sapphire wafer, $SiO_2$ and PR were measured with using alpha step surface profiler. In order to understand the changes of radicals, volume density of Cl, B radical and BCl molecule were investigated with optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The chemical states of $Al_2O_3$ thin films were studied with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and depth profile anlysis of auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The enhancement of sapphire substrate can be explained by the reactive ion etching mechanism with the competition of the formation of volatile $AlCl_3$, $Al_2Cl_6$ or $BOCl_3$ and the sputter effect by energetic ions.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.375-381
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• 2008

Various problems such as durability degradation may happen when extra water is added to concrete. Because of these reasons, the change of water content is managed by using rapid evaluation method of unit water content such as electric capacity method, heat drying method making use of micro wave, unit capacity mass method among various methods. Especially, in Japan, guidance for the change of water content ($\pm$ 10, 15, 20 kg/$m^3$ etc.) were regulated and used. However, it is the real situation that the guidance which were regulated in South Korea evaluate suitability only considering production and measurement error under the circumstances which are not considering the degree of durability degradation. Therefore, this study tries to investigate the influence of addition of extra water in the concrete on the durability degradation of concrete when it was added by artificial manipulation or by management error. From the test results, a guideline of the contents of extra water for the quality control is suggested with the consideration of the degree of durability degradation and the probable error resulted from the addition of extra water. The contents of extra water for tests are set as 0, 15, 25, 35 kg/$m^3$. To examine the durability degradation of concrete, freezing and thawing, carbonation, chloride penetration and compressive strength are tested.