• 한국가금학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.155-164
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• 2011

The use of antimicrobials will be soon removed due to an increase of occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria or ionophore-resistant Eimeria species in poultry farms and consumers' preference on drug-free chicken meats or eggs. Although dietary antimicrobials contributed to the growth and health of the chickens, we do not fully understand their interrelationship among antimicrobials, gut microbiota, and host immunity in poultry. In this review, we explored the current understanding on the effects of antimicrobials on gut microbiota and immune systems of chickens. Based on the published literatures, it is clear that antibiotics and antibiotic ionophores, when used singly or in combination could influence gut microbiota. However, antimicrobial effect on gut microbiota varied depending on the samples (e.g., gut locations, digesta vs. mucosa) used and among the experiments. It was noted that the digesta vs. the mucosa is the preferred sample with the results of no change, increase, or decrease in gut microbiota community. In future, the mucosa-associated bacteria should be targeted as they are known to closely interact with the host immune system and pathogen control. Although limited, dietary antimicrobials are known to modulate humoral and cell-mediated immunities. Ironically, the evidence is increasing that dietary antimicrobials may play an important role in triggering enteric disease such as gangrenous dermatitis, a devastating disease in poultry industry. Future work should be done to unravel our understanding on the complex interaction of host-pathogen-microbiota-antimicrobials in poultry.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.259-263
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• 2011

Wildlife has been recognized that has important role as reservoir hosts of disease affecting both people and livestocks. However, information intestinal helminths of Korean water deer were limited. We obtained 20 feces from Korean water deers that were transferred to veterinary hospital in Chungbuk National University from May 2010 to June 2011. Parasite ova were collected using saturated zinc sulfate floatation method. Parasite eggs were examined and measured using light microscope. The identification of parasitic eggs was done by morphological characters. The overall infection rate of parasite was 85% (n=17). The eggs were observed as being Nematodirus spp. (n=14), strongyles egg (n=11), Capillaria spp. (n=9), Trichuris spp. (n=7), Eimeria spp. (n=4), Ogmocotyle spp. (n=3), and Strongyloides (n=1). Mixed infection rate was observed as being single 15% (n=3), double 20% (n=3), triple 15% (n=3), quadruple 30% (n=6), and quintuple 5% (n=1). The Ogmocotyle spp. was first reported in Korea.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.107-112
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• 2005

In order to monitor the parasites, 204 fecal samples were taken from Korean indigenous goats of Iksan-branch. Then identification of the parasites was determined by the fecal examination using the floatation and microscopical examination, respectively. The detection of rates was $91.2\%$, and mixed infection rates were single $38.7\%,\;double\;28.4\%,\;triple\;15.2\%,\;Quadraple\;6.9\%\;and\;Qunituple\;20.0\%$. The isolated were identified as Eimeria spp from 169 heads, Strongyloides papillosus from 56 heads, Ostertagia spp from 24 heads, Trichostrongylus spp from 22 heads, Moniezia expensa from 18 heads, Oesophagostomum spp from 17 heads, Bonostomum spp from 12 heads, Cooperia spp from 12 heads, Heamonchus spp from 8 heads and Capillaria spp from 2 heads.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.8.1-8.12
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• 2023

Background: Intestinal parasites in livestock cause huge economic setbacks. Moreover, these parasites can threaten human health when also present in companion animals. Objectives: The study examined the prevalence and burden of intestinal parasites among roaming/migrating animals (goats, sheep, cattle, and dogs) to provide insights into the risk of potential human parasitic infections. Methods: A total of 1,741 fecal samples from goats (n = 920), sheep (n = 335), cattle (n = 230) and dogs (n = 256) were obtained randomly across 18 local government areas in Edo State, Nigeria. The parasite samples were recovered and identified under a microscope. Molecular tools were used to identify Toxocara spp. Results: Eighteen different parasites were isolated. Among the different groups of parasites observed, nematodes occurred the most, followed by protozoans. Among nematodes, Haemonchus was most prevalent in goats (28.04%) and sheep (29.85%), while Strongyloides (10.86%) and Bunostomum (8.69%) were relatively high in cattle. Strongyloides (3.9%), hookworm (3.9%), and Toxocara (3.12%) were the predominant parasites in dogs. For protozoan parasites, Eimeria was most common in all 4 animal hosts. Several goats (2.39%) and sheep (2.38%) tested positive for Fasciola spp. Molecular analysis confirmed Toxocara canis in dogs for the first time in Nigeria. Conclusions: The major parasites recovered from these roaming/migrating animals have zoonotic potentials that can threaten human health.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.337-345
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• 1995

면역억제가 닭 콕시듐중 E tenella의 병원성과 면역원성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 일반 육용계 아바에이카 초생추에 1일령, 2일령과 7일령에 수당 40mg의 testosterone propionate(TES) 또는 0.1ml의 dexamethasone(DEX)을 근육내 접종한 후, 14일령에 E tenella의 오오시스트 100개로 면역시킨 2주 후, 역시 E tenella의 오오시스트 100,000개로 공격접종하여 다음과 같은 성적을 얻었다. E tenella에 대한 병원성과 면역원성을 관찰하기에 앞서 2주령에 Newcastle disease(ND) oil-emulsion vaccine으로 예방접종하고 ND 바이러스에 대한 혈구응집억제반응 항체가를 조사한 결과 testosterone propionate 처리군이 dexamethasone 처리군과 대조군에 비하여 높게 나타났다 약물투여 초기 2주간의 증체량은 대조군이 264.2g인데 비하여 TES접종군은 171.9g이고 DEX접종군은 238.1g이었다 사료요구율은 대조군이 1.23인데 비하여, TES접종군은 1.63이고 DEX접종군은 1.32 이었다. E tenella 면역접종 2주후 증체량은 무투약 대조군이 488.2g인데 비하여, 무투약 면역접종군은 483.9g이고 TES주사 대조군은 252.5g이고 TES주사후 면역접종군은 196.0g이며, DEX주사 대조군은 503.3g이고 DEX주사후 면역접종군은 498.9g 이었다. 사료요구율은 무투약 대조군이 2.09인데 비하여 무투약 면역접종군은 2.40이고 TES접종대조군은 2.59이고 TES주사후 면역접종군은 3.85이며, DEX주사 대조군은 2.19이고 DEX주사후 면역접종군은 2.38이었다. E tenella 공격접종 1주후 증체량은 무투약 대조군이 393.4g인데 비하여 무투약 면역접종군은 380.6g이고 무투약 공격접종 대조군이 318.4g인데 비하여, 무투약 면역후 공격접종군은 288.6g이고, TES주사 대조군은 312.6g이고 TES주사후 면역접종군은 254.0g이며, TES주사후 공격접종군은 232.5g이고 TES주사 및 면역후 공격접종군은 197.7g이며, DEX주사 대조군은 445.0g이고 DEX주사후 면역접종군은 417.3g이었다. DEX주사후 공격접종군은 293.2g이고 DEX주사 및 면역후 공격접종군은 293.3g 이었다. 사료요구율은 무투약 대조군이 2.15인데 비하여 무투약 면역접종군은 2.41이고 무투약 공격접종 대조군이 2.90인데 비하여 무투약 면역후 공격접종군은 2.93이고, TES주사 대조군은 2.69이고 TES주사후 면역접종군은 2.86이며, TES주사후 공격접종군은 3.63이고 TES주사 및 면역후 공격접종군은 3.46이며, DEX주사 대조군은 2.25이고 DEX주사후 면역접종군은 2.39이었고 DEX주사후 공격접종군은 2.89이고 DEX주사 및 면역후 공격접종군은 2.87 이었다. E tenella 공격접종후 2주간의 증체량은 무투약 대조군이 789.1g인데 비하여 무투약 면역접종군은 722.0g이고 무투약 공격접종 대조군이 659.9g인데 비하여 무투약 면역후 공격접종군은 468.3g이고, TES주사 대조군은 652.7g이고 TES주사후 면역접종군은 545.2g이며, TES주사후 공격접종군은 399.5g이고 TES주사 및 면역후 공격접종군은 360.4g 이었다. DEX주사 대조군은 759.4g이고 DEX주사후 면역접종군은 745.1g 이었으며, DEX주사후 공격접종군은 664.1g이고 DEX주사 및 면역후 공격접종군은 577.1g 이었다. 사료요구율은 무투약 대조군이 2.27인데 비하여 무투약 면역접종군은 2.48이고 무투약 공격접종 대조군이 2.74인데 비하여 무투약 면역후 공격접종군은 3.05이고, TES주사 대조군은 2.70이고 TES주사후 면역접종군은 2.80이며, TES주사후 공격접종군은 3.46이고 TES주사 및 면역후 공격접종군은 3.43이며, DEX주사 대조군은 2.36이고 DEX주사후 면역접종군은 2.40이었고 DEX주사후 공격접종군은 2.72이고 DEX주사 및 면역후 공격접종군은 2.81 이었다. E tenella 면역접종 1주후 각 시험군마다 맹장 병변도는 관찰할 수 없었다. E tenella 공격접종 1주후 각 시험군마다 맹장 병변도는 무투약 공격접종 대조군이 2.8인데 비하여 무투약 면역후 공격접종군은 2.4이고, TES주사후 공격접종군은 4.0이고 TES주사 및 면역후 공격접종군은 2.4이며, DEX주사후 공격접종군은 2.8이고 DEX주사 및 면역후 공격접종군은 2.4이었다. E tenella 공격접종 후 각 시험군마다 생잔율은 TES주사 후 공격접종군은 61.5%이고 TES주사 및 면역후 공격접종군은 83.3%이며, 나머지 모든 시험군에서는 맹장콕시듐에 의한 폐사는 없었다. F낭과 흉선의 크기는 TES접종군에서 다른 시험군에 비하여 매우 위축되었으며, 기능적인 변화도 보였다. 그러므로 testosterone propionate는 닭에 있어서 성장에 미치는 영향이 클 뿐만 아니라, E tenella에 대한 저항성을 약화시키는 데에도 크게 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2012

Coccidiosis control programs such as vaccines or in-feed anticoccidials are commonly practiced in the poultry industry to improve growth performance and health of commercial broiler chickens. In this study, we assessed the effects of various coccidiosis control programs (e.g., in ovo vaccination, synthetic chemicals, and antibiotic ionophores) on immune status of broiler chickens vaccinated against infectious bronchitis virus and Newcastle disease virus (ND) and raised on an Eimeria-contaminated used litter. In general, the levels of ${\alpha}$-1-acid glycoprotein, an acute phase protein, were altered by the treatments when measured at 34 days of age. Splenocyte subpopulations and serum antibody titers against ND were altered by various coccidiosis control programs. In-ovo-vaccinated chickens exhibited highest mitogenic response when their spleen cells were stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) at 7 days of age. It is clear from this study that the type of coccidiosis control program influenced various aspects of innate and adaptive immune parameters of broiler chickens. Further studies will be necessary to delineate the underlying relationship between the type of coccidiosis control program and host immune system and to understand the role of other external environmental factors such as gut microbiota on host-pathogen interaction in various disease control programs.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.211-223
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• 2017

Transforming growth factor beta ($TGF-{\beta}$) signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation, immunity, survival, and apoptosis of many cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the differential expression of $TGF-{\beta}$-related genes, and their interactions and regulators in the spleen of two genetically disparate chicken lines (Marek's disease resistant line 6.3 and Marek's disease-susceptible line 7.2) induced with necrotic enteritis (NE) by Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens infection. By using high-throughput RNA-sequencing, we investigated 76 $TGF-{\beta}$-related genes that were significantly and differentially expressed in the spleens of the chickens. Approximately 20 $TGF-{\beta}$ pathway genes were further verified by qRT-PCR, and the results were consistent with our RNA sequencing data. All 76 identified genes were analyzed through Gene Ontology and mapped onto the KEGG chicken $TGF-{\beta}$ pathway. Our results demonstrated that several key genes, including $TGF-{\beta}$1-3, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)1-7, inhibitor of differentiation (ID) proteins ID1-3, SMAD1-9, and Jun, showed a markedly differential expression between the two chicken lines, relative to their respective controls. We then further predicted 24 known miRNAs that targeted BMP7 mRNA from 139 known miRNAs in the two chicken lines. Among these, six miRNAs were measured by qRT-PCR. In conclusion, this study is the first to analyze most of the genes, interactions, and regulators of the $TGF-{\beta}$ pathway in the innate immune responses of NE afflicted chickens.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2012

This study examined the efficacy of natural ingredient formulated herbal medicine as feed additives against coccidiosis in broiler chicken. Medicinal herbs used in this study were Artemisia annua, Pulsatilla chinensis, Clematis chinensis and Scutellaria baicalensis. Two week old chicks were administered with 1% ingredient formulated herbal medicine. Observations of the efficacy were confirmed by examining the lesion score, histopathological appearance of cecum, shedding of fecal oocyst and production index in farm. S. baicalensis of the most effective substance were analyzed by UPLC. The results are as follows; among various types of Chinese medicine, the most efficacious ingredient was found to be pure bicalein. The major index substance is bicalein and $13{\mu}g/ml$ per gram was found. Feeding of chickens with S. baicalensis induced the coccidiostat effect and reduced the fecal shedding of E. tenella oocyst by 14%. Experimental results on a farm, feed conversion ratio and weight gain and production rate in the group with natural ingredient formulated additives than in control group increased. The rate of weight gain (%) in each experimental group showed 108% and 126% increase while the mortality rate was 1.4% lower than the control group. The investigation showed that the most efficacious ingredient was found to be S. baicalensis among herbal medicine products for coccidiostats. However, as it was found in the farm experiment that pure S. baicalensis alone is economically unviable. The additives with cocktailed of efficacious ingredient are suggested to be implemented for effective protection against coccidiosis.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.133-137
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• 2020

Diarrhea is the most common cause of death in calves, and remains a major health challenge. Although there are many studies on the related pathogens, the understanding of the clinicopathological changes is limited. This study aimed to identify the pathogens and observe the clinicopathological changes in electrolytes and acute phase proteins (APPs) associated with diarrhea. Blood samples and fecal samples were collected from 141 calves for the determination of APPs, electrolyte and acid-base status and identification of enteropathogens, respectively. Single or co-infections with enteropathogens, including virus (bovine viral diarrhea virus, coronavirus, and rotavirus), Eimeria, Cryptosporidium, and Escherichia coli K99 were detected in both non-diarrheic and diarrheic calves. Levels of APPs such as serum amyloid A, haptoglobin and fibrinogen were comparable between diarrheic and non-diarrheic calves. Hypoglycemia, high blood urea, electrolytes and acid-base imbalance (hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and decreased bicarbonate), and strong ion difference (SID) acidosis showed a significant association in diarrheic calves (p < 0.01). Particularly, significant hyponatremia, bicarbonate loss, SID acidosis, hypoglycemia, and elevated blood urea nitrogen were found in rotavirus-infected calves. Monitoring the clinicopathological parameters of APPs and electrolyte levels could be vital in the clinical management of diarrheic calves.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.329-336
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• 1986

This survey was conducted to investigate the prevalence of the internal parasites of Holstein cattle rearing in western Gyeongnam including Chinyang, Sachun, Namhae, Hadong, Sanchung, Hamyang, Geochang and Hapchun Area(Gun). A total of eight hundred and twenty five heads of Holstein cattle was randomly selected for the faecal examinations and the internal parasitisms were examined by floatation method using saturated salt solution and sedimentation method using 0.5% trio-soap solution. The relults obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The overall rate of internal parasite infections was 67.2% with infection of 554 cases and the non-infected rate was 32.8% with 271 cases from the total number of 825 samples. 2. A total fourteen species of parasites was identified from 825 faecal samples of Holstein cattle and the infection rate of each species of parasites was 3.0% in Haemonchus contortus, 2.7% in Cooperia spp., 1.8% in Bunostomum phlebotomum, 1.6% in Oesophagostomum radiatum, 1.2% in Ostertagia ostertagi, 1.0% in Trichuris bovis, 0.8% in Strongyloides papillsus, 0.4% in Nematodirus spp., 0.1% in Trichostrongylus spp., 57.3% in Paramohistomum spp., 31.2% in Fasciola hepatica, 0.6% in Eurytrema pancreaticum, 0.7% in Moniezia expansa and 5.1% in Eimeria spp. 3. The combined infection of internal parasites was 38.1% in single species, 27.0% in double and 2.1% in triple infections. 4. The EPG levels of each species of parasites were very low in all infected cases except trematodes showing no clinical symptoms.