• 한국가금학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.193-202
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of diverse dietary Ca levels and to determine whether bone mineral metabolism is influenced by the arnount of dietary Ca when given a choice of diets containing various levels of Ca. Forty Hy-line brown laying hens housed in separate cages were fed self-selected Ca diets. Birds were allowed a 7-day adaptation period followed by an 8-day collection period. Feed and water were available for ad libitum consumption. Eggs and excreta were collected at 6-h intervals during the day for mineral analysis. The Ca contents in excreta and retained Ca in the body on egg forming day were proportional to the amount of daily Ca intake. The retained Ca in the body were 0.97 g in control and 1.24~1.74 g in self-selected groups, respectively. Daily Ca contents (%) in tibial cortex were not consistent with feeding time intervals. The Ca content in tibial medulla in control group was lower than those of self-selected feeding groups(P<.05). The medullary Ca content in all treatment groups increased from 10:00 to 16:00 in a day. Ca content in plasma was low between 10:00 and 16:00 and was high between 22:00 and 04:00 in the following day.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.1391-1399
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• 2009

Two hundred and sixteen 68-week-old Hy-Line brown laying hens were used in a 6-week feeding trial to compare the efficacy of phytases Optiphos (OPT) and Natuphos (NAT), which were isolated from Escherichia coli and Aspergillus niger, respectively. Hens were randomly allotted into six treatments with six replications (six layers in three adjacent cages) per treatment according to their initial BW. The hens were then subjected to one of the following dietary treatments: i) Positive Control (PC; available phosphorus (AP) 0.4%); ii) Negative control (NC; AP 0.2%); iii) NAT1 (NC+250 FTU/kg NAT); iv) NAT2 (NC+500 FTU/kg NAT); v) OPT1 (NC+250 FTU/kg OPT); vi) OPT2 (NC+500 FTU/kg OPT). Feed intake, egg production, egg quality, apparent nutrient digestibility and serum P and Ca concentration were evaluated to compare the effect of the two phytases. Feed intake and eggshell thickness were not affected by the treatments. Superior effects (p<0.05) of OPT were only observed in egg production and egg weight compared with NAT. Characteristics such as eggshell breaking strength, apparent digestibility of N, Ca and P and serum P concentration were equally increased with the supplementation of both phytases (p<0.05), where no significant difference was observed in those characteristics between PC and phytase supplementation at 500 FTU/kg. Equally effective improvements (p<0.05) were also observed in egg production and DM digestibility, where no improvements were observed (p<0.05) between the PC group and the groups with phytase supplementation at 500 FTU/kg. Equal increases in the serum Ca level were observed when the groups with phytase supplementation were compared to the PC group. Overall, the results of this study suggest that NAT and OPT are equally effective at liberating phytate-bound complexes when included in 0.2% available phosphorus diets for 68-week laying hens; either source of phytase can be fed to commercial 68-week laying hens at 500 FTU/kg to correct the negative effects associated with a 0.2% available phosphorus diet. In conclusion, either source of phytase can be fed to commercial first cycle laying hens at 500 FTU/kg to effectively replace inorganic phosphorus when economically justified.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2014

Agricultural soils surrounding mine areas in South Korea are often contaminated with multiple metals such as Cd, Pb and Zn. It poses potential risks to plants, soil organisms, groundwater, and eventually human health. The aim of this study was to examine the changes in phytoavailability of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn after application with calcined eggshell (CES; 0, 1, 3, and 5% W/W) in an agricultural soil contaminated by mine tailings. The contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in soils were 8.79, 65.4, 1602, and $692mgkg^{-1}$ (aqua regia dissolution), respectively. The experiments were conducted with lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) grown under greenhouse conditions during a 30-d period. $NH_4NO_3$ solution was used to examine the mobile fraction of these metals in soil. The application of CES dramatically increased soil pH and inorganic carbon content in soil due to CaO and $CaCO_3$ of CES. The increased soil pH decreased the mobile fraction of Cd, Pb, Zn: from 3.49 to < $0.01mgkg^{-1}$ for Cd, from 79.4 to $1.75mgkg^{-1}$ for Pb, and from 29.6 to $1.13mgkg^{-1}$ for Zn with increasing treatment of CES from 0 to 5%. In contrast, the mobile fraction of Cu was increased from 0.05 to $3.08mgkg^{-1}$, probably due to the formation of soluble $CuCO_3{^0}$ and Cu-organic complex. This changes in the mobile fraction resulted in a diminished uptake of Cd, Pb and Zn by lettuce and an increased uptake of Cu: from 4.19 to < $0.001mgkg^{-1}$ dry weight (DW) for Cd, from 0.78 to < $0.001mgkg^{-1}$ DW for Pb, and from 133 to $50.0mgkg^{-1}$ DW for Zn and conversely, from 3.79 up to $8.21kg^{-1}$ DW for Cu. The increased contents of Cu in lettuce shoots did not exceed the toxic level of $>25mgkg^{-1}$ DW. The mobile contents of these metals in soils showed a strong relationship with their contents in plant roots and shoots. These results showed that CES effectively reduced the phytoavailability of Cd, Pb, and Zn to lettuce but elevated that of Cu in consequence of the changed binding forms of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in soils. Based on these conclusions, CES can be used as an effective immobilization agent for Cd, Pb and Zn in contaminated soils. However, the CES should be applied in restricted doses due to too high increased pH in soils.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.786-791
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• 2010

The effects of fermented garlic powder on production performance, egg quality, blood profiles and fatty acid composition of egg yolk in laying hens were studied in a 35-d experiment. Two-hundred and forty (ISA brown) layers aged 41 weeks were randomly allocated into the following four treatments: i) CON (basal diet); ii) G1 (CON+fermented garlic powder 1.0%); iii) G2 (CON+fermented garlic powder 2.0%) and iv) G3 (CON+fermented garlic powder 3.0%). There were no differences (p>0.05) among treatments in egg production, egg weight, eggshell breaking strength and eggshell thickness throughout the whole experimental period. However, yolk height was increased significantly (p<0.05) by the addition of fermented garlic powder during the 5th week while yolk color was greater (p<0.05) in G2 and G3 than in CON and G1 in the 5th week. Compared with CON, Haugh unit was increased (p<0.05) in response to fermented garlic powder treatments during the 5th week. No significant effects on total protein, albumin and IgG were observed in response to any of the treatments over the experimental period (p>0.05). There was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in plasma cholesterol concentration when the dietary level of fermented garlic powder was increased from 0.0 to 3.0%. The levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in response to G2 and G3 while monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were higher (p<0.05) in G2 and G3 treatment groups than in CON and G1. Compared with other treatments, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and PUFA:SFA ratio were higher (p<0.05) in G3. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that addition of fermented garlic powder reduced plasma cholesterol concentration and did not cause adverse effects on production performance. Moreover, addition of 3.0% garlic powder decreased SFA but increased PUFA and PUFA:SFA ratio in egg yolk.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.975-980
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• 2004

본 연구는 사료 내 Rhodotorula glutinis(Gluti- nicus) 효모의 첨가가 계란의 생산성, 난각 및 난황 색도에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 72주령의 갈색 산란계 ISA Brown 360수를 공시하여 control, $\beta$-carotene 25ppm, 0.5%, 1%, 2% 그리고 4% Glutinicus로 처리하여 시험하였다. 각각의 처리구는 3반복, 반복당 20수씩, 한 케이지당 2수씩 배치하여 6주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. Glutinicus 첨가구 중 0.5% 수준(p<0.05)에서 사료요구율(FCR)과 계란 생산성 개선이 유의하게 나타났으며 연파란 발생율은 Glutinicus 첨가량 수준이 증가함에 따라서 감소하였다. 난각 강도는 Glutinicus 4% 첨가 시에 가장 높았으며, 난황 색도는 Glutinicus가 증가함에 따라서 2% 첨가까지 점차적으로 증가하였지만 Glutinicus 4% 첨가구와 2% 첨가구와는 유의적으로 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 Glutinicus 0.5% 첨가가 계란 생산성을 증진시킬 수 있고, 난황 착색을 위해서는 Glutinicus 2% 첨가가 효과적이었다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.500-508
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• 2024

Objective: Due to current selection practices for increased egg production and peak persistency, the production profile, age at maturity, and body weight criteria for commercial layers are constantly changing. Body weight and age at the time of photostimulation will thus always be the factors that need to be adequately addressed among various production systems. The current study was carried out to determine the effects of pullets' body weight (low, medium, and heavy) on their performance, welfare, physiological response, and hormonal profile. Methods: With regard to live weight, 150 16-week-old pullets were divided into three groups using a completely randomized design (CRD) and held until the 50th week. One-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the data under the CRD, and the least significant difference test was used to distinguish between treatment means. Results: In comparison to the medium and light birds, the heavy birds had higher body weight at maturity, an earlier age at maturity, and higher egg weight, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, egg yolk index, breaking strength, egg surface area, egg shape index, egg volume, and hormonal profile except corticosterone. However, the medium and light birds had lower feed consumption rates per dozen eggs and per kilogram of egg mass than the heavy birds. Light birds showed greater body weight gain, egg production, and egg specific gravity than the other categories. At 20 weeks of age, physiological response, welfare aspects, and catalase were non-significant; however, at 50 weeks of age, all these factors-aside from catalase-were extremely significant. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that layers can function at lower body weights during photostimulation; hence, dietary regimens that result in lighter pullets may be preferable. Additionally, the welfare of the birds was not compromised by the lighter weight group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.226-229
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted to produce eggs enriched with vitamins $D_3$, K and iron in eggs. Six hundred 97-wk-old ISA Brown force molted hens were allocated to completely randomized block arrangement of six dietary treatments: T1; control (C), T2; C+4,000 IU vitamin $D_3$+2.5 mg vitamin K+100 ppm Fe, T3; C+8,000 IU vitamin $D_3$+5.0 mg vitamin K+100 ppm Fe, T4; C+12,000 IU vitamin $D_3$+7.5 mg vitamin K+100 ppm Fe, T5; C+16,000 IU vitamin $D_3$+10.0 mg vitamin K+100 ppm Fe, T6; C+20,000 IU vitamin $D_3$+12.5 mg vitamin K+100 ppm Fe. Fe was supplemented with Fe-methionine. Each treatment consisted of five replicates of ten cages with two birds per cage. Egg production and egg weight were highest in T2 and incidence of soft and broken egg was highest in T6. Haugh unit was not different among treatments although it tended to be increased as dietary vitamins $D_3$ and K increased. Eggshell strength was not different among treatment. Concentrations of vitamin $D_3$ and K in egg yolk increased and plateaued approximately 20 days after feeding supplemented diets. The level of these vitamins peaked at 12,000 IU/kg vitamin $D_3$ and 7.5 mg/kg vitamin K supplementation and then decreased at the higher than these supplementation levels. The peak concentrations of vitamin $D_3$ and vitamin K were 4.6 times and 4.8 times greater than the control, respectively. Supplementary Fe also increased Fe content in egg yolk. It is concluded that vitamin $D_3$ and K in eggs can be effectively enriched by proper supplementation time and level of these vitamins.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2012

본 시험은 산란계에 대한 맥섬석과 한방제재의 첨가급여가 계란의 생산성과 품질에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 산란초기에 있는 재래닭교잡종(재래닭${\times}$레드브로교잡종) 360수를 공시하여 4처리로 임의 배치하였다(각 처리구당 30수${\times}$3반복), 대조구(무첨가), 시험 1구(맥섬석 0.3% 첨가), 시험 2구(한방제재 0.3% 첨가), 시험 3구(맥섬석 0.3%+한방제재 0.3%)로 나누어 8주간 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 사료섭취량과 난중 및 평균 산란율은 처리구간에는 차이가 없었으나(P>0.05), 그러나 파란율은 대조구(3.41%)가 시험구보다 크게 높았으며, 그 중에서도 시험 3구가 가장 낮은 파란율을 나타내었다(P<0.05). 전란 중에서 조지방의 경우는 대조구(11.20%)가 시험구(9.67 - 10.01%) 보다 크게 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 계란품질에서 호우유니트 계수, 난황색, 난각 두께 및 난각 강도는 시험구가 더 높은 경향을 보였으나 통계적인 유의차는 나타나지 않았다(P>0.05). 그러나 난각 강도는 시험구(36.98 - 37.52)가 대조구(35.56) 보다 유의적으로 높았고(p<0.05), 난황 중의 콜레스테롤 함량은 시험 3구(14.91 mg/g)가 다른 처리구보다 크게 낮았다(P<0.05). 지방산 조성에서 포화지방산 함량은 대조구가 시험구보다 더 높았으나, 불포화 지방산은 시험구(66.82 - 67.00%)가 대조구(64.58%) 보다 더 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 결론적으로, 맥섬석과 한방제재 혼합첨가제는 난황중의 콜레스테롤 함량을 낮추고, 계란의 품질을 개선시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.323-329
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• 2014

본 실험은 Cu-soy proteinate(Cu-SP)와 Herb-Mix(HBM)을 단독 또는 혼합급여가 산란계의 생산성, 혈액성상 및 면역체계에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 실시하였다. 사양시험은 60주령의 산란계(Hy-Line Brown) 800수를 선별하여 A형 2단 4열 케이지에 대조구 포함 총 4처리구로 구성하여 처리 당 5반복, 반복당 40수씩(2수 수용 케이지 25개) 난괴법으로 임의 배치하였다. 시험 기간 동안 물과 사료는 자유 섭취하게 하였으며, 일반적인 점등 관리(자연일조+조명=16 hr)를 실시하였다. 처리구들은 대조구, Cu-SP(Cu-soy proteinate로 Cu 100 ppm 첨가구), HBM(지황 10%, 산약 10%, 당귀 20%, 오미자 5%, 감초 5%, 천궁 10%) 0.15% 첨가구, Cu-SP+HBM(Cu-spy proteinate로 Cu 100 ppm 첨가구+HBM 0.15%) 첨가구는 총 4 처리구였다. 5주간의 사양 실험 결과, 일계 산란율(Hen-day egg production)은 Cu-SP구와 HBM의 단독 급여가 대조구와 비교하여 유의적으로(P<0.05) 높았으며, 사료 섭취량, 사료 요구율, 난중, 연파란율은 처리구 간에 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 난각 강도는 Cu-SP구가 대조구와 비교하여 유의적으로(P<0.05) 높았으며, 난각 두께, 난각색, 난황색, Haugh unit은 처리구 간에 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. Leukocyte 수치 중 백혈구 수치는 Cu-SP+HBM구가 HBM과 비교하여 유의적으로(P<0.05) 높았으며, 스트레스 지수는 Cu-SP구가 대조구와 HBM구와 비교하여 유의적으로(P<0.05) 높았다. IgG 함량은 첨가구들이 대조구와 비교하여(P<0.05) 유의적으로 높았음을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 Cu-SP와 HBM의 단독 또는 혼합급여는 둘 다 생산성을 증가시키며, 면역성상을 개선시키는 효과를 보여주었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2004

본 연구의 목적은 철 강화제가 첨가된 사료를 산란계에 적용하여 생산성 및 계란의 화학적 조성에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 실시하였다. 사양시험은 30주령 갈색 테트란 산란계 198수를 공시하였으며, 시험사료는 NRC(1994)의 산란계 영양소 요구량에 맞추어 기초사료를 배합하고, 황산 제 1철(FeSO$_4$$.$ 7$H_2O$: FE)을 사용하여 사양표준 권장량인 Fe 45 mg/kg을 첨가한 대조구 (FE-45), Fe 90mg/kg 첨가한 처리구 \circled2 (FE-90), Fe 180mg/kg 첨가한 처리구 \circled3 (FE-180), Saccharomyces cerevisiae R100 (yeast mutant ; YM, 철 함량 200mg/kg)을 대조구의 철 함량 기준으로 45mg/kg 첨가한 처리구 \circled4 (YM-45), 90mg/kg 첨가한 처리구 \circled5 (YM-90), 180mg/kg 첨가한 처리구 \circled6 (YM-180), Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2805-a7 TYFHLAG-1 (ferritin containing yeast ; YF, 철 함량 500mg/kg)을 대조구의 철 함량 기준으로 45mg/kg 첨가한 처리각 \circled7 (YF-45), 90mg/kg 첨가한 처리구 \circled8 (YF-90) 및 180mg/kg 첨가한 처리구 \circled9 (YF-180)로 한 총 9처리구 4반복, 반복당 6수씩 임의배치하여 7주간 사양시험을 수행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 산란율은 YF-180 처리구가 가장 높았으며, 대조구(FE-45)가 가장 낮게 나타나 처리구간의 유의차를 보였다 (P＜0.05). 난중과 산란량은 YF-180 처리구에서 FE-90 처리구 및 대조구(FE-45)와 비교하여 유의적으로 높게 평가되었다(P＜0.05). 사료요구율은 YM-90 처리구가 가장 높았고, YF-45 처리구가 가장 낮았으며, 처리구간에도 유의차를 보였다 (P＜0.05). 난각두께는 YF-180 처리구가 가장 두꺼웠으며, FE-90 처리구에서 가장 얇게 나타나 처리구간의 유의차를 보였다(P＜0.05). 난각 강도는 YM-45 처리구가 가장 강했으며, YM-45 처리구가 가장 약해서 처리구간의 유의차를 보였다(P＜0.05). 난황 cholesterol은 대조구(FE-45)가 가장 높았으며, YF-45 처리구가 가장 낮게 나타나 처리구간의 유의적 차이를 보였다(P＜0.05). 결론적으로, 유기철을 산란계용 사료에 첨가하였을 경우, 산란계의 생산성을 향상시키며, 계란의 화학적 조성을 개선시키는 것으로 사료된다.