• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.9-16
• /
• 2017

The study analyzed the heat losses and the building energy efficiency grade by the energy simulation using the ENERGY# and ECO2 programs for the three types of Standard design of rural houses. It was calculated the energy efficiency rating by the ECO2 program for the rural housing standard design, and the energy demand and the energy consumption by each factor were compared and analyzed. And it analyzed energy consumption by element of each house by ENERGY # program. As a result, first in the evaluation of the energy efficiency grade of buildings by the ECO2 program, the rating for primary energy requirement for the housing newly built by the standard design of rural house is expected to range from 2 to 4 with 189.3 to $238.7kWh/m^2.a$. Second, the energy loss of each part of standard design of rural housing occurs in the order of ventilation 39%, window 33%, outer wall 14%, roof 9%, bottom 5%, and energy loss through ventilation and window occurs more than 70%. Third, the most beneficial effects on the energy efficiency grade is obtained the lowest grade of all three types by 2 when the lowering of the window and door heat transmission rate and the lowering of the light density, and the heat exchange ventilation device is not installed. Fourth, in the standard design of rural housing, the energy demand is occupied by heating > hot water > lighting order, and the order of the weight is changed in order of heating > lighting > ventilation > hot water. Fifth, building energy efficiency assessment system needs to establish policy for fixing rural housing energy as a practical device to ensure energy performance and quality.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.18 no.10
• /
• pp.2433-2442
• /
• 2014

In this paper, an efficiency grade standard for imaging equipments using electrophotograph printing such as a printer, copier, fax, and MFD (Multi Function Device) is studied. By emphasizing domestic standby power reduction program's problem, and proposing the necessity of efficiency management, the efficiency standard is developed by reliable data registered in domestic standby power reducing program. To find an efficiency indication for grade, correlation analysis is used and as a result, printing speed has the biggest correlation coefficient. By applying the efficiency indication for grade, the proposed certification standard is established in 1st to 5th level products and super-high-efficiency product (energy frontier) which is better than 1st to 5th level products. If these efficiency standards are chosen by government policies, it is expected to save 65 billion won reduction of energy cost per year.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.96-100
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The objective of this study was to develop a classification index and the grade levels for a five-grade energy efficiency classification of agricultural dryers in Korea. Methods: The classification index and the grade levels were determined by using the performance test data published by the FACT over the last eight years to reflect a state of the art technology for agricultural dryers in Korea. The five grades were designed to have the classified dryers distributed normally over the grades with 15% for the $1^{st}$ grade, 20% for the $2^{nd}$ grade, 30% for the $3^{rd}$ grade, 20% for the $4^{th}$ grade and 15% for the $5^{th}$ grade. Results: The classification index was defined as the total amount of fuel and electrical energy consumed per 1% of the wet basis moisture content evaporated from a unit mass of grain or agricultural crops during the drying process: 1 MT of paddy rice for grain dryers and 1 kg of red pepper for agricultural crop dryers as the standard mass. Conclusions: The grade levels for the five-grade energy efficiency classification of grain dryers, kerosene dryers, and electric dryers were proposed in terms of the classification index value.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.208-217
• /
• 2018

Background: The quality differences in seedlings of medicinal herbs often affect the quality of medicinal parts. The establishment of the grading standard of Panax notoginseng seedlings is significant for the stable quality of medicinal parts of P. notoginseng. Methods: To establish the grading standard of P. notoginseng seedlings, a total of 36,000 P. notoginseng seedlings were collected from 30 producing areas, of which the fresh weight, root length, root diameter, bud length, bud diameter, and rootlet number were measured. The K-means clustering method was applied to grade seedlings and establish the grading standard. Results: The fresh weight and rootlet number of P. notoginseng seedlings were determined as the final indices of grading. P. notoginseng seedlings from different regions of Yunnan could be preliminarily classified into four grades: the special grade, the premium grade, the standard grade, and culled seedlings. Conclusion: The grading standard was proven to be reasonable according to the agronomic characters, emergence rate, and photosynthetic efficiency of seedlings after transplantation, and the yields and contents of active constituents of the medicinal parts from different grades of seedlings.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2010

Recently, in circumstantial situation it is recommended positively to utilize of EIFS(Exterior Insulating and Finishing System) as energy policy for economizing energy. But internal EPS insulators of EIFS are exterior panel of high fire risk, because of constituting of flammable materials to be fragile in fire. In this study, fire risk is assessed by experiment Con Calorimeter test and SBI(Single Burning Item) test. As the result of experiment, Con Calorimeter tests do not reach to capability standard of internal incombustible grade, and are assessed as low grade in SBI incombustible grade. Because EIPS is exterior material in buildings with high fire risk in spite of good efficiency, it is required rapidly to take measures to meet situation through various studies(for instance, adjusting law regulation, etc.) in the future.

• Research in Mathematical Education
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.1-27
• /
• 2021

For elementary school children, learning the standard multiplication algorithm with accuracy, clarity, consistency, and efficiency is a daunting task. Nonetheless, what should be our expectation in procedural fluency, for example, in finding the product of 25 and 37 among fifth grade students? Collectively, has the mathematics education community emphasized the value of conceptual understanding to the detriment of procedural fluency? In addition to examining these questions, we survey multiplication algorithms throughout history and in textbooks and reconceptualize the standard multiplication algorithm by using a new tool called the Multiplication Aid Template.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.5-18
• /
• 2010

Objective : This study compares Video laryngoscope and Direct laryngoscope in tracheal Intubation on rapidity and accuracy by paramedic and aims to improve efficiency of airway management and survival rate in pre-hospital treatment for the patients with severe trauma, cardiac arrest or dyspnea caused by acute diseases. Methods : 60 paramedics were recruited from 13 fire stations located in C province. With the consent of the paramedics, likelihood ratio test was carried out and they were divided into two different groups; DL group (30) and GVL group (30). Regarding intubation conditions, difficult airway grade I, grade II and grade III as well as sniffing position and neutral position were examined. This study also compared between ambulance in motion and in stand still. Frequency, average and standard deviation were analyzed with statistics program, SPSS WIN 17.0 and repeated measure design was introduced to examine inter-relations between position, grade and groups. Results : Intubation was performed more rapidly in neutral position and GVL than in sniffing position and DL(F = 15.260, p = .000). Rapidity value was better with grade I and grade II than grade III and better with GVL than DL(F = 32.629, p = .000). Accuracy value was higher with neutral position and GVL than sniffing position and DL(F = 5.008, p = .011). grade III was less accurate than grade I, grade II and GVL was more accurate than DL(F = 10.966, p = .000). Ambulance motion status did not show any statistically significant differences in accuracy and rapidity. Conclusion : Given this study results, neutral position is better for the patient with severe trauma. For a better survival, GVL intubation can be considered since GVL can enhance accuracy as well as rapidity regarding difficult airway. Since there is no significant differences in ambulance motion factors, intubation can be recommended even in moving ambulance for shortening traveling time to a hospital.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 2010

As a cross-sectional study, this study was aimed to investigate and compare the job efficiency and satisfaction of nurses according to the hospital grade. Survey was conducted by mail on June 2009, and the respondents were 1,016 nurses working in 15 hospitals which are 9 high-grade general hospitals and 6 general hospitals. The percent of nurses acknowledging their hospital grades is 34.5%, and that is 20.5% at high-grade general hospitals. As the result of review of studies, it is concluded that under the circumstance that differential rates are contracted to calculate fees for hospital services and copayment of patients are according to nursing grades and hospital grades, the degree of nurses' awareness of insurance fees impact on their performance like recording of care and prescription. In order to improve nurses' performance, they need to be educated about the national insurance fee system. In hospitals with higher nursing grade and more beds, the levels of nursing quality and faithfulnes and their job satisfaction were higher. Nurses' awareness of their hospital nursing grade was related to the quality of nursing but not the faithfulness. Nurses working in higher nursing-grade hospital are more self-respect and satisfied at their jobs, and their job efficiencies are not significantly different. The current nursing fees based on the proper number of nurses per beds of nursing units should be changed to be based on the amount of job per nurse by their nursing protocol, and the nurse staffing standard should be differentiated between nursing grades. As the aspect of nursing, 24-hours patient care, it is difficult to improve nurses' job satisfaction, and in the other hand, that tends to depend on their income level. In the current circumstance, comprehensive research is required to investigate the propriety of 25% of the inpatient fees as the nursing management charge.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.56 no.7
• /
• pp.2835-2841
• /
• 2024

Real-time analysis of metallic mineral grade and slurry concentration is significant for improving flotation efficiency and product quality. This study proposes an online detection method of ore slurry combining the Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA) technology and artificial neural network (ANN), which can provide mineral information rapidly and accurately. Firstly, a PGNAA analyzer based on a D-T neutron generator and a BGO detector was used to obtain a gamma-ray spectrum dataset of ore slurry samples, which was used to construct and optimize the ANN model for adaptive analysis. The evaluation metrics calculated by leave-one-out cross-validation indicated that, compared with the weighted library least squares (WLLS) approach, ANN obtained more precise and stable results, with mean absolute percentage errors of 4.66% and 2.80% for Fe grade and slurry concentration, respectively, and the highest average standard deviation of only 0.0119. Meanwhile, the analytical errors of the samples most affected by matrix effects was reduced to 0.61 times and 0.56 times of the WLLS method, respectively.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.6 no.2 s.12
• /
• pp.65-77
• /
• 1997

The Hwasong City Wall was built for three years(1794-1796), but the real construction term was taken only 28 months. The wall and the buildings on the wall were built simultaneously, and the esttimated construction cost was highly restricted. These conditions were main factors for considering the high efficiency of construction productivity. This study examines these factors that are reflected in the operating system of the architectural standard scale of length, the architectural composition system in the Hwasong City Wall to reduce the construction cost. Through the study, following factors are found. 1.The rule of multiple proportion is found in the relationship between the partition distance, that is, span and the height of the girder which is related to the productivity of ready-made building members. 2.The ruling grade system of scale in the component members is found in the chang-bang(창방, penetration members)