• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.51-79
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• 1990

Research on technical efficiency, an important dimension of market performance, had received little attention until recently by most industrial organization empiricists, the reason being that traditional microeconomic theory simply assumed away any form of inefficiency in production. Recently, however, an increasing number of research efforts have been conducted to answer questions such as: To what extent do technical ineffciencies exist in the production activities of firms and plants? What are the factors accounting for the level of inefficiency found and those explaining the interindustry difference in technical inefficiency? Are there any significant international differences in the levels of technical efficiency and, if so, how can we reconcile these results with the observed pattern of international trade, etc? As the first in a series of studies on the technical efficiency of Korea's manufacturing industries, this paper attempts to answer some of these questions. Since the estimation of technical efficiency requires the use of plant-level data for each of the five-digit KSIC industries available from the Census of Manufactures, one may consture the findings of this paper as empirical evidence of technical efficiency in Korea's manufacturing industries at the most disaggregated level. We start by clarifying the relationship among the various concepts of efficiency-allocative effciency, factor-price efficiency, technical efficiency, Leibenstein's X-efficiency, and scale efficiency. It then becomes clear that unless certain ceteris paribus assumptions are satisfied, our estimates of technical inefficiency are in fact related to factor price inefficiency as well. The empirical model employed is, what is called, a stochastic frontier production function which divides the stochastic term into two different components-one with a symmetric distribution for pure white noise and the other for technical inefficiency with an asymmetric distribution. A translog production function is assumed for the functional relationship between inputs and output, and was estimated by the corrected ordinary least squares method. The second and third sample moments of the regression residuals are then used to yield estimates of four different types of measures for technical (in) efficiency. The entire range of manufacturing industries can be divided into two groups, depending on whether or not the distribution of estimated regression residuals allows a successful estimation of technical efficiency. The regression equation employing value added as the dependent variable gives a greater number of "successful" industries than the one using gross output. The correlation among estimates of the different measures of efficiency appears to be high, while the estimates of efficiency based on different regression equations seem almost uncorrelated. Thus, in the subsequent analysis of the determinants of interindustry variations in technical efficiency, the choice of the regression equation in the previous stage will affect the outcome significantly.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.143-157
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• 2012

By strengthening the market control and expanding the networks, providers of global logistics are expanding their service scope. The warehouses connect networks to internal and external warehouses by using logistics providers. The paper focuses on analyzing the efficiency of warehouses on each district. Therefore, the study classifies the factors which specify the efficiency of a total logistics of warehouse industry and warehouses' employees and the number of warehouses on district. Furthermore, the most recently published reports by National Center for Statistics in 2012 was used in order to guarantee credibility of the study. This study utilizes five years of materials, which are from 2005 to 2009. By applying SBM (Slack Based Measure), DEA Window model, and the Malmquist productivity model, the trend in efficiency and stableness were analyzed. The principal purpose of the paper is evaluating the efficiency. Also, analyzing its determinants and illustrating a long-term relationship between the regional warehouses and annual turnover of the warehouses were used as output measures. In addition, the number of warehouses of each region, employees, warehouses equipments, and the Logistics Warehouses Providers were used as input measurements. As a result, Malmquist productivity model and annual stableness has shown a continuous increasing. Ultimately, to be approved as product of Korea, a new stratiges that meet the standards and Rules of Origins by FTA should be developed. Therefore, there must be a development that takes regional characteristics into consideration.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.527-536
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• 2015

This research focuses on comparing the impact that working conditions have on the job satisfaction of Korean and Chinese-Korean construction workers. The data shows that factors such as the quality of wages, food catering, and leisure facilities showed a positive correlation on the workers' satisfaction. Further comparative analysis showed differences between the effect these factors have on the satisfaction of Korean workers and Chinese-Korean workers, who occupy the highest portion of the foreign workforce in Korea. The analysis concluded that to the Chinese-Korean workers, wage had the strongest impact on their satisfaction over other factors, whereas this difference was not present in the Korean workers. The results of this study highlighting these differences between the worker groups can contribute to developing the efficiency of the management of construction sites in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.99-110
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• 1995

이 연구는 한국 쌀생산의 효율성을 경영규모별로 파악하고, 영농규모 확대를 통한 쌀생산의 효율성 중대 가 가능하다는 가설을 검정해 보고자 하였다. 이 분석에 필요한 기술적 선도농가들의 생산함수인 프런티어(frontier) 생산함수를 구하기 위해서는 교 란항의 정보를 이용할 수 있는 확률(stochastic) 모형아 바람직하고, 아울러 경영규모별로 규모의 효율성을 파악하기 위해서는 레이 동조(ray-homothetic) 함수가 적절하다. 따라서 여기에서는 농림수산부의 1992년도 쌀생산비 자료에서 임의로 추출한 1,203호의 표본 자료를 이용해 앞에서 언급한 두가지 요소를 동시에 감안 할 수 있는 $\ulcorner$레이 동조 확률 생산함수(ray-homothetic stochastic production function)$\lrcorner$를 최우추정법 (Maximum likelilood estimation method)으로 추정하였으며, 이를 토대로 쌀생산의 경영규모별 비효율성 을 순수 기술적 비효율성과 규모의 비효율성으로 나누어 계측하였다. 게측결과에 의하면 쌀생산의 비효율성은 굉균 35.loyo에 이르고 있다. 이 가운데 순수 기술적 비효율성은 12.0%이고, 규모의 비효율성은 24.l%에 달했다. 기술적 비효율성과 규모의 비효율성 모두 경지규모 확대와 더불어 감소하는 것으로 나타나, 경영규모 확대와 더불어 미곡생산의 효율성이 증대될 수 있다는 가설은 기 각되지 않았다. 그러나 대농의 경우에도 규모의 비효율성이 여전히 높은 것으로 나타나 영농규모 확대를 저 해하는 제도적 장벽이 아직도 높다는 것을 알 수 있다. 아울러 대농과 소농과의 효율성 격차가 현저하지는 않은 것으로 나타나 단순히 경지를 중심으로 한 경영규모 확대만으로는 효율성 제고에 한계가 있음을 보여 주고 있다. 이 연구의 결과는 다음과 같은 정책적 함의를 가지고 있다. 첫째, 한국 미곡생산의 효율성 중대 잠재력이 결코 과소 평가되어서는 안된다. 둘째, 영농규모 확대가 쌀생산의 효율성 증대를 위해 필요한 것은 사실이지 만 단순한 경지규모의 확대에 치중하는 것보다 영농규모 확대를 저해하는 제도적 기술적 장애요인을 제거해 나가는 것이 더욱 중요하다. 마지막으로, 새로운 영농기술의 개발은 물론이고 현행 선진영농기술의 보급도 쌀생산의 효율성 중대에 상당한 역할을 할 수 있다는 사실이 간과되어서는 안된다.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.111-127
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• 2011

The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of government and public electronic procurement on the private sector's productivity and technical inefficiency. Three cases are analyzed. The first scenario is that the government just appears as a new consumer to enterprises. Simply participating as a new consumer to enterprises reveals that government does not contribute to the private sector's productivity or improve technical efficiency. The second case is one where the government publicly procures the private sector's service or goods using IT technologies. It is revealed that government contribute to improve the private sector's productivity and reduce inefficiency. The last case is where the government demands business to connect to governments using new IT technologies. The government demands to adopt the IT technology for connection results in improved productivity and efficiencies in the private sectors.

• Journal of the military operations research society of Korea
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.51-72
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• 2006

There are many occasions that the performance of a corps is influenced not only by its own efforts but by the commander of the next higher unit in a vertical organizational structure. When the direction of the commander in the next higher organization is different from that of the actual evaluation agency, the unit under evaluation may get rated lower than what it should deserve. This study suggests an alternative method to evaluate the performance of military units in the situation that there exist critical environmental factors which affect the performance. This method employes DEA, a non parametric method, and Constrained Canonical Correlation Analysis(CCCA), a parametric method which is used to estimate a efficient frontier with multiple dependent variables and constraints. This article also exploits a set of categorical environmental variables in the CCCA to improve the fairness of performance evaluation. It is shown that the introduction of the categorical variables helps evaluating the true performance of individual units such as battalions subordinated to different next higher commanders.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.92-102
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• 2014

Recently, various methods such as energy reduction, Greenhouse gas and etc., has been suggested worldwide. Korea has a lot of deteriorated houses, thus there are many demands for the remodeling. However such studies are scarce. This study analyzed the types of deteriorated housing, also suggests technology list to remodeling through domestic, foreign practices and existing research. This study suggested combination of technology list for small house remodeling by energy simulation and Life Cycle Cost related to windows, insulation and doors. This study that can be applied to the technical performance and economy of the basic research would be the basis of the analysis technique.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.75-79
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• 2001

An experiment was carried out to introduce OsHSP17.9, a low molecular HSP gene isolated from rice plant to orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) using Agrobacterium. Mature seed-derived calli of orchardgrass were co-cultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA101 harboring the plasmid pIG-HSP17.9 for transformation. Calli selected by hygromycin were transferred to N$_{6}$ medium containing 1 mg/L NAA, 5 mg/L kinetin, 250 mg/L cefotaxime and 50 mg/L hygromycin and several hygromycin resistant plants were obtained. Stable incorporation of the introduced OsHSP17.9 to the genome of the hygromycin resistant plants was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis. Transformation efficiency was variable between cultivars in which it was 16.5% in Potomac and 8.0% in Frontier. Constitutive expression of the transgene in the transformed orchardgrass tissues was identified by Northern blot analysis but transcript levels were different among individual plants.s.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1286-1294
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• 2011

This paper reviews the future directions and perspectives on the soil environmental researches in the 21 century. Previously, the principal emphasis of soil environmental researches had put on the enhancement of food and fiber productions. Beside the basic function of soil, however, the societal needs on soil resources in the 21st century have demands for several environmental and social challenges, occurring regionally or globally. Typical global issues with which soil science should deal include food security with increasing agronomic production to meet the exploding world population growth, adaptation and mitigation of climate change, increase of the carbon sequestration, supply of the biomass and bioenergy, securing the water resource and quality, protection of environmental pollution, enhancing the biodiversity and ecosystem health, and developing the sustainable farming/cropping system that improve the use efficiency of water and agricultural resources. These challenges can be solved through the sustainable crop production intensification (SCPI) or plant welfare concept in which soil plays a key role in solving the abovementioned global issues. Through implementation of either concept, soil science can fulfill the goal of the modern agriculture which is the sustainable production of crops while maintaining or enhancing the ecosystem function, quality and health. Therefore, directions of the future soil environmental researches should lie on valuing soil as an ecosystem services, translating research across both temporal and spatial scales, sharing and using data already available for other purposes, incorporating existing and new technologies from other disciplines, collaborating across discipline, and translating soil research into information for stakeholders and end users. Through the outcomes of these approaches, soil can enhance the productivity from the same confined land, increase profitability, conserve natural resource, reduce the negative impact on environment, enhance human nutrition and health, and enhance natural capital and the flow of ecosystem services. Soil is the central dogma, final frontier and new engine for the era of sustainability development in the $21^{st}$ century and thus soil environmental researches should be carried according to this main theme.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.38.4-38.4
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• 2019

Ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) are intriguing in the sense that they are much larger than dwarf galaxies but have much lower surface brightness than normal galaxies. To date, UDGs have been found only in the local universe. Taking advantage of deep and high-resolution HST images, we search for UDGs in massive galaxy clusters in the distant universe. In this work, we present our search results of UDGs in three massive clusters of the Hubble Frontier Fields: Abell 2744 (z=0.308), Abell S1063 (z=0.348), and Abell 370 (z=0.375). These clusters are the most distant and massive among the host systems of known UDGs. The color-magnitude diagrams of these clusters show that UDGs are mainly located in the faint end of the red sequence. This means that most UDGs in these clusters consist of old stars. Interestingly, we found a few blue UDGs, which implies that they had recent star formation. The radial number densities of UDGs clearly decrease in the central region of the clusters in contrast to those of bright galaxies which keep rising. This implies that a large fraction of UDGs in the central region were tidally disrupted. These features are consistent with those of UDGs in nearby galaxy clusters. We estimate the total number of UDGs (N(UDG)) in each cluster. The abundance of UDGs shows a tight relation with the virial masses (M_200) of thier host systems: M_200 \propto N(UDG)^(1.01+/-0.05). This slope is found to be very close to one, indicating that efficiency of UDGs does not significantly depend on the host environments. Furthermore, estimation of dynamical masses of UDGs indicates that most UDGs have dwarf-like masses (M_200 < 10^11 M_Sun), but a few UDGs have $L{\ast}$-like masses (M_200 > 10^11 M_Sun). In summary, UDGs in distant massive clusters are found to be similar to those in the local universe.