• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.65-73
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of microbial liquid manure(MLM) on the growth and yield characteristics of Altari radish (Raphanus sativus L.). MLM 1,000mg$.$L$^{-1}$ MLM 2,000mg$.$L$^{-1}$ and MLM 1,000mg L$^{-1}$ + microbial fermentation compost(MFC) 600kg/10a were treated. MLM was sprayed on leaves at 10, 20, and 40 days after planting. Leaf length and width of radish in all microbial fertilizer treatments were more vigorous than that of control significantly. Number of leaves was great in order of 1,000 mg$.$L$^{-1}$ MLM+600kg/10a MFC 〉2,000mg$.$L$^{-1}$ MLM〉1.000mg$.$L$^{-1}$ MLM. SPAD reading value was increased with treatments of 2,000mg$.$L$^{-1}$ MLM and 1,000mg$.$L$^{-1}$ MLM+600kg/10a MFC. Root length and weight of all the microbial fertilizer treatments tended to increase compared with control, and 1,000mg$.$L$^{-1}$ MLM+600kg/10a MFC treatment was the most effective.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.603-612
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• 2009

This study was conducted to provide information which will be useful for establishing and implementing effective management policy for Baekdudaegan Trail and user satisfaction by investigating the characteristics of trail use and users' perceptions of the environmental impacts on the trail. For this purpose, a questionnaire survey was employed in Baekdudaegan trail by three topological types. With this classification, the characteristics of the way the trails used and users' perceptions of the impacts were analysed in terms of ecological, physical and social environments. The result showed that the Baekdudaegan trail was used mainly for mountaineering rather vacation or travel, and found no differences in the characteristics of the trail use by the types. Ecological environment showed no significant relation with user satisfaction, however changes in physical environmental factors such as a trail width functioned as a negative component to decrease use experience. In addition, the satisfaction of the users had little to do with social environment, when the level of using the trail was relatively low. To present, the levels of impacts on ecological, physical and social environments and the users' satisfaction level regarding the Baekdudaegan trail appear to be positive. However, the increase of use level is expected in the future, and therefore systematic managerial measures need to be implemented to monitor the changes of the trails and interactions of the environmental impacts.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.503-508
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• 2018

Objective : Anterior odontoid screw fixation is a safe and effective method for the treatment of odontoid fractures. The surgical technique is recommended for perforation of the apical cortex of the dens by the lag screw. However, overpenetration of the apical cortex may lead to potentially serious complications such as damages of adjacent vascular and neural structures. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) scan to evaluate the safe margin beyond dens tip to ventral dura for anterior odontoid screw fixation. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the three-dimensional CT scans of the cervical spines in 55 consecutive patients at our trauma center. The patients included 38 males and 17 females aged between 22 and 73 years (mean age${\pm}$standard deviation, $45.8{\pm}14.2years$). Using sagittal images of 3-dimensional CT scan, the safe margins beyond dens tip to ventral dura as well as the appropriate screw length were measured. Results : The mean width of the apical dens tip was $9.6{\pm}1.1mm$. The mean lengths from the screw entry point to the apical dens tip and posterior end of dens tip were $39.2{\pm}2.6mm$ and $36.6{\pm}2.4mm$. The safe margin beyond apical dens tip to ventral dura was $7.7{\pm}1.7mm$. However, the safe margin beyond the posterior end of dens tip to ventral dura was decreased to $2.1{\pm}3.2mm$, which was statistically significant (p<0.01). There were no significant differences of safe margins beyond dens tip to ventral dura with patient gender and age. Conclusion : Extension by several millimeters beyond the dens tip is safe, if the trajectory of anterior odontoid screw is targeted at the apical dens tip. However, if the trajectory of the screw is targeted to the posterior end of dens tip, extension beyond dens tip may lead to damage immediately adjacent to the vental dura mater.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.747-754
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• 2011

Purpose: The Abbe flap procedure has been used to correct disharmony of the upper and lower lips as well as for making a philtrum for patients with secondary cleft lip deformities. But the Abbe flap procedure adds two scars in addition to the prior operative scar on the upper lip. This study was conducted to determine the treatment outcomes of esthetic subunit excision of the scar on the philtrum and Abbe flap coverage for correction of cleft lip deformities with photogrammetric analysis. Methods: This study investigated a total of 11 patients with cleft lip deformities who underwent scar excision with Abbe flap coverage, and the patients were followed up for at least 6 months. Under general anesthesia, a mushroom-shaped Abbe flap was drawn on the lower lip with a width of 8 mm and a height 1~2 mm longer than that of the philtral midline. The epidermis and dermis of the scar on the upper lip were excised. In the cases with alar base depression, the orbicularis oris muscle was split vertically and transposed to the alar base. The Abbe flap was harvested as a pedicled flap containing a small amount of muscle and this was rotated 180-degree to be inserted into the upper lip. Mucosa, muscle, subcutaneous tissue and skin were closed in layers. The flap was divided at the 7~14 postoperative day. The postoperative outcomes were evaluated by using photogrammetric analysis. Three indices were measured from the standard clinical photographs taken before and after the surgery. For anthroposcopic assessment, observers described the postoperative outcomes using an ordinary scale method. Results: The postoperative values obtained in the photogrammetric analysis showed improvement as compared with the preoperative ones. Improved anthroposcopic outcomes were also noted. Conclusion: Scar excision and Abbe flap coverage were proven to be effective in improving protrusion and the height of the upper lip, the scar of the upper lip and the symmetry of Cupid's bow and the philtral column, as well as formation of the philtral dimple.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2008

The wasabi was planted in glasshouse to investigate the effect shade level (0, 10, 30, 70%) on growth and photosynthetic response. The net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were the highest under 10% shading rate in greenhouse. The lowest transpiration rate was in the non-shading treatment. 70% shading rate significantly reduced in photosynthetic characteristics. The number of leaf was decreased with increasing of shading rate. Leaf and petiole weight was the highest 10% shading and then followed by the non-shading treatment. Number of leaves, leaf, petiole and total weight were severely declined in 70% shading treatment. Shading rate (0%, 10%, and 30%) did not significantly influenced on the leaf length, leaf width and root growth. 10% shading level was the most effective for wasabi leaf production in hydroponics.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2016

Repair methods of aging concrete pavement are generally used composite structure pavements, such a composite structure is subjected to a large impact on the mechanical behavior and ensure long-term commonality integrated under vehicle loads, environmental loads of the public in accordance with the bond strength between old and new concrete. A common of bonded concrete overlays that are currently available is Interface arrangements using a variety of equipment to ensure the excellent bond strength between old and new concrete than standard concrete, mixed with a material such as a polymer in order to improve the adhesion with the material itself. However, these method of constructions are being applied, depending on the developer site presents no special specifications apply when a specific application criteria objectively, this is due to the situation of each individual method, which is based on the difficulty in quality control of the site manager. In this study by performing a field test for polymer content via the variables that contribute most significantly to ensure bond strength and the field element core of the interface processing method and materials to ensure bond strength between the old and the new concrete, it was to derive the construction site construction method that can improve the performance of the bond strength through a review of the construction around the correlations and the bond strength according to the effective performance analysis of the conventional surface treatment process and variation of polymer volume fraction.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.378-383
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• 2013

A butterfly throttle valve has been used to control the brake power of an SI engine by controlling the mass flow-rate of intake air in the induction system. However, the valve has a serious effect on the volumetric efficiency of the engine due to the pressure resistance in the induction system. In this study, a new intake air controlling valve named "Variable Geometry Throttle Valve(VGTV)" is proposed to minimize the pressure resistance in the intake system of an SI engine. The design concept of VGTV is on the application of a venturi nozzle in the air flow path. Instead of change of the butterfly valve angle in the airflow field, the throat width of the VGTV valve is varied with the operating condition of an SI engine. In this numerical study, CFD(computational fluid dynamics) simulation technique was incorporated to have an aerodynamics performance analysis of the two air flow controlling systems; butterfly valve and VGTV and compared the results to know which system has lower pressure resistance in the air intake system. From the result, it was found that VGTV has lower pressure resistance than the butterfly valve. Especially VGTV is effective on the low and medium load operating condition of an SI engine. The averaged pressure resistance of VGTV is about 49.0% lower than the value of the conventional butterfly throttle valve.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.511-524
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• 2016

This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of organic fertilizer on growth characteristics, saponin contents and antioxident activity of Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix roots for organic farming. As basal fertilizers, chemical fertilizer, mixed organic fertilizer, bacterial cultures and fermented oil cake and decomposed manure were treated based on 3 kg/10a level before transplanting Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix. In root length, when chemical fertilizer plot and mixed organic fertilizer plot were treated, root length was recorded the highest scores (25.3 and 24.0 cm) Root width was recorded the highest score (26.6 cm) in chemical fertilizer plot. The number of fine-roots was the highest in mixed organic fertilizer plot and chemical fertilizer plot (20.0 and 17.0), respectively. Fresh weight, which affects directly yield, was the highest in organic fertilizer plot (55.7 g/plant). The content of Platycodin D was shown to 327.4~373.8 mg/100 g, the highest values were observed in organic fertilizer plot. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were recorded the highest scores (15.5 and 15.3 mg/g, respectively) in organic fertilizer plot. In this study we confirmed that application of organic fertilizer was effective to increase yield and pharmacological effect through increase of the number of fine-roots with high saponin contents.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 2005

There are several characteristics of the nose of orientals. The dorsum of nose is flat and low, the skin is thick with severe tension, the nasal tip is bulbous, the nostril is wide, and the projection of the nose is limited due to a poorly developed alar cartilage with a short columella. In order to improve these untoward characteristics of the nose of Orientals aesthetically, plain augmentation of the dorsum and tip-plasty with conventional methods has been performed by many plastic surgeons. However these conventional rhinoplasty is not enough to obtain satisfactory results when transforming into a more beautiful and aesthetically charming appearance. In order to produce the optimal nasal shape and profile, it is extremely important to consider the aesthetic surgical factors, which are; the position of the nasion, the optimal nasolabial angle(95-100 degree in Orientals), the natural exposure of infra-tip lobule with and columella, the position of the tip defining point in harmony with the dorsal profile and the smooth and natural silhouette of the lateral nasal profile as it descends into the inferior portion of the nose. From April, 2003 to August, 2004, a total of 52 patients underwent open rhinoplasty, adhering to the strict aesthetic principles considered and described priorly. Surgical approach was done through a transcolumella incision and an alar rim incision. The nasal dorsum was augmented with a silicone implant and the shape of the columella and the nasolabial angle were finessed with a silicone strut implant which was placed in between the medial crurae in a manner of a non-visible graft. The nasal tip was corrected by alar cartilage suture technique and onlay graft of shield shaped Alloderm and Gore-Tex. Author obtained the optimal nasal shape and profile aesthetically, and the results, considered satisfactory in all patients without any complications, are as follows; 1. the average increase in nasal length was 2.5 mm, 2. the average decrease in nasal width was 2.1 mm, 3. the average increase in nasal tip projection was 3.2 mm, 4. the changes of nasolabial angles were from 85.5 degree to 94.7 degree, 5. the changes of the angle between the long axis of the external naris was from 101.3 degree to 89.5 degree. In conclusion, this surgical procedure is an effective, reliable and a valuable method in improving the nasal shape, tip projection, nasolabial angle and especially, the lateral facial profile of Orientals aesthetically.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.454-464
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• 1986

To find main factors to affect tobacco culture and quality, NC 2326 (Nicotiana tabacum L.) was cultivated in Korea and in the United States under different plant density, fertilization, mulching and curing. Among the chemical characteristics of the both experimental soils, the organic matters were similar concentration in both locations but effective phosphorous contents were higher in Oxford in the United States. Plant height, length and width of the largest leaf, leaf thickness, and midrib ratios were larger in Oxford than in Suwon in Korea. Also they were larger in non mulching system than in mulching system. But the total numbers of the leaves were decreased in non mulching system. The content of nicotine was higher in the plant grown in Suwon than in Oxford. The concentrations of nicotine and sugar tend to increase in mulching system comparing of non mulching system. During the growing, the concentration of non-volatile organic acids was higher in Suwon, while it was lower in cured leaf produced in Suwon. Also the contents of total fatty acids were lower in the harvested leaf grown in Suwon, but not in cured tobacco. Forty three compounds identified among the volatile oils from these experimental samples were quantified. The concentrations of the major components related to the tobacco flavour such as damascone, damascenone, solanone, nor-solanadione, and megastigmatrienones were higher in the cured tobacco produced in Oxford rather than in Suwon.