• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2 s.30
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• pp.386-413
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• 1995

In order to prove the antitumor effect of Taraxaci Herba experimentally, studies were done. The antitumor effect against hepatic cancers such as Hep G2. Hep 3B & PLC and also the synergstric action was evaluated in the combined treatment with anticancer drugs using chiefly for liver cancer. such as. The results were obtained as follows: 1.$IC_{50}$ against Hep G2. Hep 3B and PLC was $15.5{\mu}g/ml.\;25.4{\mu}g/ml,\;31.25{\mu}g/ml$ in Mitomycin C(MMC), $92.5{mu}g/ml,\;50.2{\mu}g/ml,\;62.5{\mu}g/ml $in cisplatin(CPT) and 125 in 5-flurouracil(5-FU) respectively. 2. In cytotoxic effect against Hep G2 every fractions showed the anti tumor effect as compared with the data of control but EE fraction of Taraxaci Herba was most effective and also hexane fraction was most effective in the combined treatment with anticancer drugs. 3. In cytotoxic effect against Hep 3B every fractions showed the antitumor effect as compared with the data of control but EE fraction of Taraxaci Herba was most effective and also hexane fraction was most effective in the combined treatment with anticancer drugs. 4. In cytotoxic effect against PLC every fractions showed the anti tumor effect in the concentrations of $10^{-5}g/ml$ above as compared with the data of control and also the combined treatment with MMC was most effective. 5. Fractions of Taraxaci Herba showed the most antitumor effect against Hep 3B and also the combined treatment with MMC was most effective. From the above result it was concluded that ethyl ether fraction of Taraxaci Herba was most effective fraction, every fraction showed more antitumor effect against Hep 3B and Hep G2 than PLC.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.19-28
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• 2003

Sokmyeungtang was the representative prescription for Apoplexy under the rule of Tang and Song dynasty of which the cultures were thriving in the history of China. However, the clinical use of Sokmyeungtang has been gradually reduced since Geumwon dynasty of China because it was misunderstood that the dryness heat drugs of pungent in flavor and warm in property such as Ephedra, Pubescent Angelica Root, Chinese Cassia Tree-Bark, Divaricate Saposhnikovia Root, Prepared Aconite Root, Fresh Ginger, and Wildginger Herb included in the presciption for Apoplexy supplemented heat as damaging Yin flood. In fact, the drugs pungent in flavor and warm in property activate exterior and interior circulation, circulate channels and collaterals, promote blood circulation, and remove blood stasis with the side effect of relieving exterior syndrome with drugs warming channels. When treating Apoplexy with Sokmyeungtang, the cold drugs such as Gypsum, Baikai Skullcap Root, and Pueraria Root are prescribed to suppress fire of pungent dryness and to control excessive heat of people with Apoplexy as reducing the effects of hot drugs causing impairment of Yin. For treatment of Apoplexy, the above drugs accelerate blood and Qi circulation in channels and collaterals and then in necrotic tissue of human body as removing blood stasis. Consequently, these drugs improve disorders of capillary tube circulation. If Sokmyeungtang, an old prescription, is properly understood, it will be substantially helpful to all kinds of treatments in clinical cases

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.147-168
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• 2006

Technological innovation has been regarded as the core competence for the economic growth of individual, as well as organization and country. Pharmaceutical innovation, what we call new medicines, influence people's longevity and productivity by increasing output per hour worked. Therefore, using claims data on virtually all the drugs and diseases of over 550,000 people enrolled in National Health Insurance Program in Korea, we examined the impact of the vintage (original FDA and KFDA approval year) of drugs used to treat a patients from July 1st to December 31st in 2002 on the patient's mortality at the end of 2004, controlling for demographic characteristics(age and sex), utilization of medical services, and the nature and complexity of illness. We found that people using newer drugs are less likely to die at the end of 2004, conditional on covariates. The estimated mortality rates were declining with respect to drug vintage for 1970s, 1980s and 1990s and highly significant. In addition to estimating the model for the entire sample, we estimated the model separately for several disease categories classified by Korean Classification of Disease. Estimates of three drug vintage variables for subgroups of people with (1)neoplasms, (2)endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and (3)the diseases of circulatory system displayed similar patterns.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.509-523
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• 1997

This study was carried out for investigating antitumor effects of 5-fluorouracil(5-FU), methotrexate(MTX) and retinoic acid(RA) on hepatocellular carcinoma induced in Sprague-Dawley rat. Antitumor effects were examined a flow cytometric DNA distributions by flow cytometry and stuied ATP/Pi using nuclear magnetic resorance, and the enzymatic activity of thymidylate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase as well as contents of total collagen and sialic acid were measured with spectrophotometer. In this study, S phase fraction, contents of sialic acid and total collagen were decreased in the induced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with 5-FU and MTX, and synergistic effects of anticancer drugs were exhibited in the hepatocellular carcinoma treated with 5-FU and MTX simultaneously, and the inhibition of thymidylate synthetic and dihydrofolate reductase activity were shown in the hepatocellular carcinoma treated with 5-FU, MTX, and 5-FU and MTX simultaneously. On the other hand, the ratio of ATP/Pi were increased in all groups except group treated with RA. The experimental results suggest that above method may be valuable for evaluating antitumor effect of anticancer drugs.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 1996

Solvent fractions were prepared from traditional herbal drugs which of methanol extracts inhibited $CCl_4$-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes and c ontinuously assayed their effects. Ethylacetate and n-buthanol fractions from Cibotii Rhizoma and chloroform fraction from Gelatina Nigra inhibited the release of LDH and GPT from $CCl_4$-treated hepatocytes, respectively. Water fraction (WAR) among solvent fractions from Astragali Radix showed the most potent inhibitory effect on the release of GOT or GPT by treatment with $CCl_4$. All of solvent fractions prepared from Eucommiae Cortex had no effect on $CCl_4$-induced cytotoxicity. Chloroform and ethylacetate fractions from Rehmanniae Radix Preparata increased the release of GPT from $CCl_4$-treated hepatocytes. n-Hexan, chloroform or ethylacetate fraction from 5 herbal drugs increased the release of LDH, GOT or GPT from normal hepatocytes at the dose of 1.Omg/ml. Administration of WAR suppressed the elevation of GOT, ALP activities and MDA contents in the serum as well as in the liver tissue of $CCl_4$-intoxicated rats. Based on these results, isolation of antihepatotoxic substances from WAR is under the process.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 1962

Decoctions of two Korean indigenous crude drugs. Radix Jingyu(the dried root of Aconitum pseudo-laeve Nakai var. erectum Nakai form. Genuinum Nakai) and Fructus ponciri (the transversely sliced and dried unripe fruit of Poncirus trifoliata Rafinesque), are being utilized by the inhabitants in certain parts of southeastern district of Korea with an empirical belief that these serve as effective insecticides for cattle ticks. Of the two species of cattle ticks so far identified in Korea, Boophilus microplus and Haemaphysalis bispinosum, the former was employed in this experiment as the species occupies nearly 99 percent of the tick population. The results of the experiments herein reported seen to indicate that although the killing power of aqueous extracts of the drugs is minimal, the repellent effect against the ticks, especially of Radix Jingyu, is excellent. It may be of interest to note that the aqueous extract of Radix Jingyu has not proved to be inferior to any of the most effective cattle repellents commercially available. Further studies on these Korean indigenous crude drugs as cattle tick repellents are indicated to find whether active ingredients can be extracted in a hope to materialize an extensive application of these drugs in the field.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2012

A 12-week repeated-dose oral toxicity study of water-soluble Orostachys japonicus extract (WOJ) was performed in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats of both genders. Each group of ten rats was orally administered in doses of either 0 or 250 mg/day over a 12-week period. As a result, no WOJ-related changes were observed in terms of survival rate, clinical signs, body weight, or food intake. In addition, no difference in organ weight between the control and treated groups was detected. Furthermore, serum biochemistry parameters revealed some changes within normal ranges although significant decreases in total-bilirubin in the females. In spite of some alterations in serum biochemistry, the clinical signs, body weight changes from food intake, and autoptical remarks indicated that WOJ was not toxic. This study suggests that repeated treatment of O. japonicus very low toxicity and the NOAEL (no observed adverse effect dose) of WOJ exceeds 250 mg/kg in the SD rats.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 1993

The in vitro predictive tests in cancer chemotherapy of cancer cell lines to anticancer drugs were determined using novel dye exclusion assay [NDEA], [3H] thymidine incorporation, and clonogenic assay [CA>. Antitumor effect of Bleomycin, Cis-platin, Vinblastine, Methotrexate to HEp-2, B16 cell lines using rapid assays was compared with [CA> in this study. In dye exclusion assay of B l6 cell line, cancer cells were sensitive to Bleomycin at all concentrations, to Vinblastine at the level of peak plasma concentration [PPC], ${\times}1/10$ [PPC](P<0.05). And Bleomycin revealed relatively good cytotoxicity than that of CDDP and vinblastine at ${\times}10$[PPC], (P<0.05). HEp-2 cells were resistive to methotrexate at the level of ${\times}100$[PPC] (P<0.05) In [3H] thymidine incorporation assay, B 16 cells were sensitive to Bleomycin, CDDP, Vinblastine at the level of [PPC], ${\times}10$ [PPC](P<0.01). Dose-dependent drugs of bleomycin, CDDP were more sensitive than Vinblastine at high concentration (P<0.05). In clonogenic assay, HEp-2 cell line was sensitive to three drugs of all concentrations except ${\times}10$ [PPC] of CDDP. B 16 cell line was sensitive to all drugs(P<0,01). In comparison of chemosensitivity tests among three assays, the results were correlated(${\gamma}=0.99$, P<0.05).

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.52-70
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• 2009

This study is to analyse the reimbursement prices of drugs in Japan. Japan has the world's second-largest pharmaceutical market, and the world's largest price-controlled pharmaceutical market. The reimbursement prices of new drugs in Japan are determined by confidential negotiations between the manufacturer and the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare. Pharmaceuticals account for a larger share of total healthcare expenditures in Japan than in most other major pharmaceutical markets such as France, Germany, United Kingdom and United States. Prescription drugs' share of total healthcare spending has slightly increased in recent years, from 20.2% in 2000 to 21.5% in 2004, the most recent year for which data are currently available. This trend is attributable to the effect of the Japanese rapidly aging population that stimulates demand for healthcare services. There are several method of price setting for drugs as below. First, on the initial pricing of branded drugs, is the similar-efficacy pricing method and cost calculation method. Second is postmarketing price changes which are biennial price revisions under the rule of National Health Insurance. Third is the rule of the generics price. Recently, the generics market is expanded because there are increasing numbers of hospitals by DPCs(Diagnosis-procedure Combinations).

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.372-380
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• 2019

Modern biotechnological industries have been attempting to improve the efficiency of bacterial strain cultivation. Millimeter wave electromagnetic radiation can have a varied influence on E. coli cultivation processes. The results of the study revealed that when a microwave radiation of low intensity is applied to positively adjust the conditions for the accumulation of bacterial culture biomass, a significant role is played not only by radiation parameters, but also by concomitant biological factors, which influence the reproducibility of the cultivation process and help obtain a useful biotechnological effect. The authors suggest a model that can be used to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the changes in the buildup of E. coli biomass under the influence of electromagnetic radiation.