• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.723-728
• /
• 2010

The effect of abdominal respiration on electrocardiogram readings was examined using a 12-lead ECG in healthy young adults. Ten males and ten females without any cardiac and/or pulmonary problems participated in this study. ECG readings during periods of abdominal respiration and thoracic respiration were compared using a paired t-test. Results showed that the PR interval was longer in males compared to females during the period of abdominal respiration (p<0.05). There were no differences in amplitudes of the P, R, T waves, QTc, and degree of P axis between abdominal respiration and thoracic respiration in both male and female subjects. However, degrees of QRS axis in male subjects (p<0.05) and T axis (p<0.05) in female subjects were increased during the abdominal respiration. Therefore, abdominal respiration may cause positive electrical axis changes in the depolarization and relaxing re-polarization of the ventricles.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.48 no.2
• /
• pp.202-210
• /
• 2024

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer polysaccharides exhibit various biological functions, like antagonizing galectin-3-mediated cell adhesion and migration. Galectin-8 (Gal-8), with its linker-joined N- and C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs), is also crucial to these biological processes, and thus plays a role in various pathological disorders. Yet the effect of ginseng-derived polysaccharides in modulating Gal-8 function has remained unclear. Methods: P. ginseng-derived pectin was chromatographically isolated and enzymatically digested to obtain a series of polysaccharides. Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) quantified their binding affinity to Gal-8, and their inhibitory effects on Gal-8 was assessed by hemagglutination, cell migration and T-cell apoptosis. Results: Our ginseng-derived pectin polysaccharides consist mostly of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and homogalacturonan (HG). BLI shows that Gal-8 binding rests primarily in RG-I and its β-1,4-galactan side chains, with sub-micromolar K_D values. Both N- and C-terminal Gal-8 CRDs bind RG-I, with binding correlated with Gal-8-mediated function. Conclusion: P. ginseng RG-I pectin β-1,4-galactan side chains are crucial to binding Gal-8 and antagonizing its function. This study enhances our understanding of galectin-sugar interactions, information that may be used in the development of pharmaceutical agents targeting Gal-8.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
• /
• 2001.05a
• /
• pp.14-21
• /
• 2001

Many epidemiological studies have revealed that the use of aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can reduce the risk of colon cancer. Since the well-documented pharmacological action of aspirin and other NSAIDs is the inhibition of cyclooxygenase [COX, the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis], it has been inferred that the beneficial effect of NSAIDs may be mediated through the inhibition of PG biosynthesis.(omitted)

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.211-217
• /
• 2024

Background: Tolerance to the analgesic effects of opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is a major concern for relieving pain. Thus, it is highly valuable to find new pharmacological strategies for prolonged therapeutic procedures. Biguanide-type drugs such as metformin (MET) are effective for neuroprotection and can be beneficial for addressing opioid tolerance in the treatment of chronic pain. It has been proposed that analgesic tolerance to NSAIDs is mediated by the endogenous opioid system. According to the cross-tolerance between NSAIDs, especially sodium salicylate (SS), and opiates, especially morphine, the objective of this study was to investigate whether MET administration can reduce tolerance to the anti-nociceptive effects of SS. Methods: Fifty-six male Wistar rats were used in this research (weight 200-250 g). For induction of tolerance, SS (300 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally for 7 days. During the examination period, animals received MET at doses of 50, 75, or 100 mg/kg for 7 days to evaluate the development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of SS. The hot plate test was used to evaluate the drugs' anti-nociceptive properties. Results: Salicylate injection significantly increased hot plate latency as compared to the control group, but the total analgesic effect of co-treatment with SS + Met50 was stronger than the SS group. Furthermore, the effect of this combination undergoes less analgesic tolerance over time. Conclusions: It can be concluded that MET can reduce the analgesic tolerance that is induced by repeated intraperitoneal injections of SS in Wister rats.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.774-781
• /
• 2002

This study was carried out to test the recuperative effect of 2 types of sample drugs for 3 degree burn. The burn injury was made by iron plate heated in the boiling water. The Sprague Dawley rats were shaven with a razor preliminarily and burned by direct contact method for 10 seconds. The experimental groups were classified with 5 each-normal, control, MEBO ointment, sample A, sample B. The effect of the sample drugs were decided by histological results after 3 week application. The results were as following. The 3 treatment groups recovered the burn injury faster than control group. The recuperative effect precedes about 4-5 days at the time of 15th day and 1 week at the time of 3rd week. The therapeutical procedure of 3 treatment groups was similar with naked eye and with microscopic histology in the 1 st, 2nd and 3rd specimens. So there weren't significant differences in curative effect in 3 treatment groups of this experiment. But a regeneration of hair follicle was noted in Sample B uniquely. These results suggested that 3 burn remedies have similar effect of therpy, but sample B containing yolk sac oil has slightly better effect in part of hair regeneration.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.21-27
• /
• 1971

The effects of 5 different drugs (amphetamine, caffeine, serotonin, sod. salicylate and pentazocine) on the duration of action of two barbiturates (thiopental and pentobarbital) and an intravenous anesthetic (propanidid) were determined in rats. Duration of action was determined by the time elapsing between loss and return of the righting reflexes. All drugs were injected intraperitoneally except propanidid which was administered by the intravenous route. Preliminary experiments indicated that at a dose of 40 mg/kg either of the two barbiturates or propanidid produced loss of the righting reflexes without death. At this dose, however, the duration of action of propanidid was extremely short. However, this dose was selected for subsequent studies. 1. At the dose employed amphetamine shortened the sleeping time of three compounds. 2. Caffeine and theophylline shortened the sleeping time of thiopental and prolonged the duration of action of pentobarbital. 3. Serotonin had no effect on duration of action of the barbiturates but prolonged the sleeping time produced by propanidid. 4. Sod. salicylate significantly prolonged the sleeping time of the barbiturates whereas pentazocine exhibited this effect only in relation to thiopental.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.97-103
• /
• 2005

The genotoxic effect of antimalarial drugs amodiaquine (AQ), mefloquine (MQ) and halofantrine (HF) was investigated in.at liver cells using the alkaline comet assay. AQ, MQ and HF at concentrations between $0-1000{\mu}mol/L$ significantly increased DNA strand breaks of rat liver cells dose-dependently. The order of induction of strand breaks was AQ>MQ>HF. The rat liver cells exposed to AQ and HF (200 and 400 ${\mu}mol/L$) and treated with (Fpg) the bacterial DNA repair enzyme that recognizes oxidized purine showed greater DNA damage than those not treated with the enzyme, providing evidence that AQ and HF induced oxidation of purines. Such an effect was not observed when MQ was treated with the enzyme. Treatment of cells with catalase, an enzyme inactivating hydrogen peroxide, decreased significantly the extent of DNA damage induced by AQ, and HF but not the one induced by MQ. Similarly quercetin, an antioxidant flavonoid at $50{\mu}mol/L$ attenuated the extent of the formation of DNA strand breaks by both AQ and HE. Quercetin, however, did not modify the effects of MQ. These results indicate the genotoxicity of AQ, MQ and HF in rat liver cells. In addition, the results suggest that reactive oxygen species may be involved in the formation of DNA lesions induced by AQ and HF and that, free radical scavengers may elicit protective effects against genotoxicity of these antimalarial drugs.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.157-172
• /
• 1999

This treatise, after review recent data on Oriental Medical toxicity, gets a conclusion on toxic concept of Oriental Medicine. 1. In the oriental medicine, the concept of toxic character contains propensity which disposition is inclined, and general meaning covered with the effect of a medicine, a side effect, formation of a medicine Besides, the concept diversely is used in the cause of a disease, names, symptoms, how to treat, medicines, prevention name, etc. 2. Every herbal drugs has toxic character. Levels of toxicity are nonexistence(無毒), existence(有毒), a little(小毒), always(常毒), serious(大毒), fatal toxic(劇毒), whose concepts in the Oriental Medicine are divided relative and absolute at the same time. 3. The examples of the fatal events by poisoning up to now are more than 400 cases(in China). 4. The factors of toxicity are the amount used unsuitably, the combination, directions, and interactions between western and oriental medicine, etc. The reduction of toxicity and how to detoxicate is several methods. The toxic science in Oriental Medicine based on the formation of oriental medicine present principles which use herbal drugs safely and availablely, utilizing th dispositions and efficiencies. It has positive, learning spirits which prevent abuse of oriental medicine, and which exactly diagnose and use the herbal drugs in the treatment with absolute toxic medicine. However, I think that scientific, positive experimental research is necessary to setup dose-response relation, be in relative quantity of toxic character, operate on the reactive mechanism exactly.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.147-154
• /
• 2006

Drugs are often taken together with meals and there are numerous opportunity for food-drug interaction to occure. Food-drug interactions and their clinical consequences are very complex indeed. The composition of the meal, and the volume of fluid that is ingested often are decisive factors in food-drug interactions. Various formulations of a specific drug may behave differently. Solutions and suspensions seem to be less susceptible and enteric-coated preparations are more susceptible, to food interactions than are other dosage forms but exceptions to this rule do exist. Furthermore, generic and environmental factors, disease and other drugs cause considerable inter- and intraindividual variation in food-drug interactions. Also, eating habits are dissimilar in different parts of the world, and diets often vary greatly from day to day. The taking of drugs together with meals offers some obvious benefits. It may help to reduce gastrointestinal irritation and compliance is improved. On the other hand, in some cases food interferes seriously with drug absorption. The purpose of this review is to clarify the complexity of food-drug interactions, and to discuss interactions that may be of clinical importance.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.159-164
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of antiplatelet drugs in diabetic peripheral vasculopathy in diabetic foot patients. Materials and Methods: We designed a retrospective study in diabetic foot patients with diabetic peripheral vasculopathy. From October 2007 to December 2013, 278 cases in 139 patients who took antiplatelet drugs over at least a six-month period were included in this study. We categorized these patients according to the type of drug used. The efficacy of antiplatelet drugs was evaluated using anklebrachial index (ABI) and pulse wave velocity (PWV). Results: Only the aspirin group showed a statistically significant increase of ABI after antiplatelet therapy ($1.10{\pm}0.12$ to $1.12{\pm}0.11$). In addition, only the cilostazol group showed a statistically significant decrease of PWV after antiplatelet therapy ($1,701.20{\pm}396.56$ to $1,627.42{\pm}324.98$). Conclusion: Aspirin and cilostazol may be used in treatment of diabetic peripheral vasculopathy, whereas dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel has no specific benefits in diabetic peripheral vasculopathy.