• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 1999

It has long been recognized that dropwort contains specific funtional subtances for protecting human liver and preventing and curing its diseases, and thus it has been widely utilized in traditional folk remedy. In the present study. fresh of fermented extract of dropwort shoots grown on dryland and fresh extract of those grown on flooded fie1d were fed to the rats suffering from acute, subacute or chronical toxication induced by alcohol administration, and their affects were investigated. Administration of alcohol to rats and mice for 2 days at 5ml of 30% EtOH/kg/day raised total cholesterol and total glyceride which were, however, great1y supressed when alcohol was administered to the laboratory animals previously fed on fresh or fermented extract of dryland dropwort, or fresh extract of flooded field-grown dropwort for 20 days, without significant differences among the extracts. The levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase which were raised by alcohol adminstration were also lowered by feeding dropwort extract, among which that of fermented dryland-grown one was more effective than the other two. Chronic alcohol toxication was induced to rats by administering 10% alcohol for 10 months and fermented dropwort extract or tap water was fed to the rats for 5 days. The rats fed on fermented dropwort extract were lower in total cholesterol by 40% and in tota1 glyceride by 60% than the control. Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the rats fed on fermented dropwort extract were decreased by 87.2% and 91.7%, respectively, compared to the control, and the rats recovered almost to normal. Activity of alkaline phosphatase, catalase, superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase changed greatly by alcohol administration in the rats suffering from chronic as well as acute toxication. The extract of fermented dry land dropwort significantly lowed the activity of those enzymes, especially, alkaline phosphatase and superoxide dismutase. The present results suggesting the possible medicinal effect of fermented dropwort extract to liver diseases.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.61-78
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• 2003

The researcher examined the relationship between dating violence and drinking behaviors. Study participants included 440 Korean College students(184 males and 256 females) currently involved in heterosexual dating relationships. Participants' ages ranged from 17 to 30(M=20.08, SD=1.89). Questionnaires and psychological tests used included: Straus' Conflict Tactics Scale, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test(AUDIT), Cooper's Revised Drinking Motives Questionnaire(DMQ), and Index of Family Alcohol Use. Research designs were 2(gender) × 2(experience of inflicting dating violence), i.e. 2-way MANOVAs. Results suggest students who drink one or more times a week are more likely to commit acts of violence toward their dating partners than students drinking less often. The study revealed males tend to drink with higher social, enhancement, conformity and coping motives than females. The study also showed that students inflicting dating violence drank with higher coping motives than students who did not. Males showed more hazardous, dependent and harmful drinking patterns than females. Also, students who had inflicted dating violence showed a higher degree of these characteristics (hazardous, dependent and harmful drinking patterns) along with a greater family history of alcohol use than participants who had not inflicted dating violence. The findings showed significant 2-way interactions in dependent and harmful drinking patterns. Simple main effect analysis revealed that differences in dependent and harmful drinking patterns in males are more significant than the same differences in females.

• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.278-283
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• 1999

Formaldehyde has widely been used for the cross-linking of polyvinyl alcohol polyvinyl alcohol polymer. The effects of formaldehyde on the water resistance of MDF cement composites were investigated as a function of types of catalyst, base or acid, and the amount of formaldehyde. The acetalization, reaction of OH group of PVA with aldehyde, was ended incompletely under base atmosphere. However, by addition of citric acid, the cross-linking of PVA polymer could be acheved through acetalization of PVA and formaldehyde. The effects of these different patterne according to the types of catalyst on the water resistance of MDF cement were studied by the preparation of PVA films and MDF composites. Thanks to the cross-linking reaction of PVA polymer chains by formaldehyde, the modified PVA films and MDF composites showed a good water-resistant propety. The modified MDF cement composite to which 3 wt% formaldehyde and 1 wt% cirtic acid were added showed 80% of initial flexural strength and good interfacial state between cement grain and polymer matrix. However, 4 wt% formaldehyde deteriorted the processing conditions, microstructures and eventually the flexural strength, causing sharp increase in the viscosity of sample dough during the mixing process. To study the relatins of flexural strength and interface of cement grain and polymer matrix, SEM and MIP measurement were performed.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.323-327
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• 2006

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) composite films were prepared by casting a DMSO solution of PVA and MWNTs, whereby the MWNTs were dispersed by sonication. A significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the PVA drawn films was achieved by the addition of a small amount of MWNTs. The initial modulus and the tensile strength of the PVA drawn film increased by 30 % and 45 %, respectively, with the addition of 1 wt% MWNTs, which are close to those calculated from the rule of mixtures, and were strongly dependent upon the orientation of the PVA matrix. The mechanical properties, however, were not improved with a further increase in the MWNT content. The orientation of MWNTs in the composite was not well developed compared to that of the PVA matrix. This result suggests that the improvement of the molecular orientation of the PVA matrix plays a major role in the increase of the mechanical propeties of the drawn PVA/MWNT composite films.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.476-482
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• 2009

The crystallization behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in the presence and absence of polypyrrole nanoparticles (PPy NPs) was investigated in terms of the heterogeneous nucleation effect of PPy NPs using FTIR, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimeter and polarized optical microscope analysis. PPy NPs were prepared by dispersion polymerization method stabilized by PVA in aqueous solution. A polymer nanocomposite with uniform dispersity could be readily obtained due to the enhanced compatibility between the filler and matrix. Compared with the PPy NP-absent PVA, the PPy NP/PVA nanocomposite exhibited an enhanced degree of crystallinity. The degree of crystallinity increased up to 17% at the PPy NP concentration of 1 wt%, compared to the pristine PVA. The PPy NP acted as an effective nucleating agent during the crystallization process, thereby enhancing the degree and rate of crystallization. The kinetics study of the crystallization also revealed the decreased value of the Avrami coefficient in the case of the PPy NP/PVA nanocomposite.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.81-91
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• 2004

Objectives : The aim of this study is to investigate the inhibitory effect of Chungganhaeju-Tang on alcohol induced human hepatic cell apoptosis by synthesis of glutathione. Methods : The amount of glutathione in HepG2 cell was measured with colorimetric glutathione assay kit and glutathione-conjugated CDNB(1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) at $37^{\circ}C$ and then measured by spectrometry to assess the activity of glutathione S-transferase. Results : The synthesis of glutathione and the activity of glutathione S-transferase in HepG2 cell were promoted by Chungganhaeju-Tang and increased in dose/time-dependent manner. Chungganhaeju-Tang inhibited apoptosis induced by ethanol and acetaldehyde dependent to treatment dosage. In Buthione sulfoximine, a glutathione synthesis inhibitor, treated case, the synthesis of glutathione was inhibited and in Chungganhaeju-Tang treated case, the synthesis of glutathione is promoted with or without Buthione sulfoximine. The present findings suggest that Chungganhaeju-Tang inhibits alcohol induced apoptosis by synthesis of glutathione in HepG2 cell. Conclusions : The result indicates that Chungganhaeju-Tang protects human hepatic cell by glutathione synthesis and made the liver recover from alcohol induced damage.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.77-81
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• 2004

Petroleum ether, benzene and alcohol extracts of seeds of C. juncea administered orally at the dose level of 25mg/100g body weight to adult female mice for 30 days, resulted in irregular estrous cycle with prolonged estrus and metaestrus and reduced diestrus and proestrus during the experimental period. Histological studies of the ovary indicate increases in the number of atretic follicles but decreases in the number of developing follicles, Graafian follicles and corpora lutea. The total cholesterol content of the ovary is increased, whereas ascorbic acid content is decreased. The weight of the uterus and its micrometric measurement in all experimental mice are increased significantly. The alcoholic extracts showed estrogenic activity in immature mice by early opening of the vagina, premature cornification of the vaginal epithilium and increases in uterine weight. However, alcohol extract of seeds of C. juncea was more effective in causing these changes compared to other extracts. After subjecting to preliminary phytochemical screenings alcohol extract showed positive; test for alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, flavones, phenols and tannins.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.36 no.3 s.142
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• pp.220-223
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• 2005

The purposes of this study was to develop the best one among the methods using dry heat, gamma irradiation and alcohol gas, to sterilize Scutellariae Radix selected based on high frequency of circulation between merchants and high susceptibility to microbial contamination, through comparing these methods in terms of the followings; ⅰ) the efficacy of sterilization in comparison with cost, and ⅱ)the alteration of chemical components of these herbal medicines. The results of this study will be taken advantage of establishment of the maximum limit of microorganism contaminated in herbal medicines. From the results of this study we conclude the followings: ⅰ) The sterilizing method using dry heat may be inappropriate, because it seriously changed their color and morphology which is an essential criterion to estimate a measure of quality between merchants and consumers, although it effectively got rid of contaminated microorganism and did not alter major components, baicalin; ⅱ) The sterilizing method using gamma irradiation may be appropriate, because it showed a strong sterilizing effect, and no alteration of chemical components, color and morphology; ⅲ)The sterilizing method using alcohol gas may also be appropriate, because it had a similar effects as in the case of gamma irradiation. Collectively, we suggest that appropriate sterilizing methods to guarantee the microbial quality of this herbal medicine may be those using gamma irradiation and alcohol gas.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.107-117
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• 2009

Metal pollution of aquatic ecosystems is a problem of economic and health importance. Information regarding molecular responses to metal exposure is sorely needed in order to identify potential biomarkers. To determine the effects of heavy metals on chironomids, the full-length cDNA of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH3) from Chironomus riparius was determined through molecular cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The expression of ADH3 was analyzed under various cadmium and copper concentrations. A comparative and phylogenetic study among different orders of insects and vertebrates was carried out through analysis of sequence databases. The complete cDNA sequence of the ADH3 gene was 1134 bp in length. The sequence of C. riparius ADH3 shows a low degree of amino acid identity (around 70%) with homologous sequences in other insects. After exposure of C. riparius to various concentrations of copper, ADH3 gene expression significantly decreased within 1 hour. The ADH3 gene expression was also suppressed in C. riparius after cadmium exposure for 24 hour. However, the effect of cadmium on ADH3 gene expression was transient in C. riparius. The results show that the suppression of ADH3 gene by copper exposure could be used as a possible biomarker in aquatic environmental monitoring and imply differential toxicity to copper and cadmium in C. riparius larvae.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.08a
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• pp.200-200
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• 2011

Hierarchical mesoporous ZSM-5 with enhanced mesoporosity was synthesized by microwave through the rapid assembly via ionic interaction between sulfonic acid functionalized ZSM-5 nano particles and cationic surfactant. The catalytic performance of enhanced accessibility due to mesoporosity and acidity were investigated in the alkylation of mesitylene with benzyl alcohol as alkylating agent. The effect of mole ratio of aromatic with benzyl alcohol, reaction time and alkylation agent were also studied. The enhanced mesoporosity and acidity of sulfonic acid functionalized mesoporous ZSM-5 induced activity enhancement compared with non-functionalized mesoporous ZSM-5, sulfonic functionalized mesoporous ZSM-5 synthesized by hydrothermal method and conventional microporous ZSM-5. The sulfonic acid functionalized mesoporous ZSM-5 showed much higher chemoselectivity of benzylated mesitylene than others, whereas the others mainly show dibenzyl ether as product. This significant difference in catalytic selectivity was resulted from the existence of mesopores, which definitely allowed the benzylation in mesopores.