• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.667-676
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of various Lactobacilli strains on growth performance, intestinal microflora, ileal villi development and ileal mucosal surface of broiler chickens. Six hundred 1-d-old male chicks(Avian) were randomly divided into five groups of four replicates, each replicates containing 30 birds and fed corn-soybean meal diets containing Latobaillus were isolated from cecum of chichens at 107cfu/g diet for five weeks. The treatments were control(antibiotics-free diet), Lactobacillus crispatus avibro1(LCB), Lactobacillus reuteri avibro2(LRB), Lactobacillus crispatus avihen1(LCH) or Lactobacillus vaginalis avihen2(LVH). The body weight gain in groups fed Lactobacillus significantly improved as compared to those of control(P<0.05). Feed intake was not statistically different among the groups. The number of Lactobacillus in ileum and cecum of chicks fed various Lactobacillus tended to be increased or significantly increased as compared to those of the control(P<0.05), but there was difference by age of chicks and species of Lactobacillus. The number of yeast was significantly increased in cecum and ileum at three weeks old chicks fed Lactobacilli compared with the control(P<0.05). The anaerobes’ number of ileum and cecum tended to increase or significantly increased in Lactobacillus treatments compared with the control(P<0.05). The ileal villi length extended greatly at three weeks of age in groups fed Lactobacillus compared with the control(P<0.05). The length of ileal villi in chicks fed Lactobacillus was continuously increased up to five weeks of age, but did not increased in the control(P<0.05). Lactobacillus was found on ileal mucosal surface. And ileal mucosal surface was maintained better with Latobacillus feeding. These results suggest the possibility that cecal Lactobacillus of chickens could be used as probiotics by improving the growth performance and promoting development of ileal villi in broiler chicks.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1646-1652
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• 2004

This study is to help management of foodservices with the means of preparing a favorable food service environment which will likely improve employees' job satisfaction and present the plans for Quality leadership which are capable of effectively improving the aims of food service. Transformational leadership (4.08) that includes charisma (4.12), intellectual stimulation (4.12) and individual consideration (4.01) was more strongly observed by employees than transactional leadership (3.35) that includes contingent reward (3.99) and management by exception (2.70). According to employees' age, it was shown that individuals over 40 observed transformational leadership significantly more frequently than those below 30. When considering academic background, both transformational leadership and transactional leadership were more strongly observed in the group of lower education. When the type of employment was considered, contract workers showed higher individual consideration and contingent reward than regular workers. Also, when the consideration of working places was taken into account, employees who were employed by schools presented a stronger observance of transactional leadership than employees in industrial cooperation or hospitals. Employees, especially in schools, were more receptive to dietitians' contingent reward than hospital employees. Regarding age, dietitians below the age of 40 had stronger transformational leadership skills, but there was no significant difference in the case of transactional leadership. According to these items of leadership, dietitians over 40 felt stronger in management without exception. Relationship with co-workers was the highest among job satisfaction (3.84), coworkers (4.00), stability (3.60), autonomy (3.76). In the collective food service organization, there was a positive correlation between management expectations and the expectations of the dietitians' management styles and employees' job satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.441-448
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• 2014

From several researches, recently, it was found that using hollowed precast concrete (HPC) column made more compact concrete casting in joint region possible than using normal solid PC (Precast concrete) column. Therefore, the rigidity of joints can be improved like those of monolithic reinforced concrete (RC). After filling the hollow with grout concrete, however, it is expected that the HPC column behaviors like composite structure since PC element and grout concrete have different materials as well as there is a contact surface between two elements. These may affect the structural behavior and strength of the composite column. A compressive strength test was performed for the HPC column with parameter of hollow ratio for the case with and without grout in the hollow and the result is presented in this paper. The hollow ratios in the test are 35, 50 and 59% of whole section of column. Concentrated axial force was applied to top of the specimens supported as pin connection for both ends. In addition, finite element (FE) analysis was performed to simulate the failure behavior of HPC column for axial compression. As a result, it was found that the hollow ratio did not affect the initial stiffness of HPC filled with grout regardless of the strength difference of HPC and grout. However the strength was increased inversely corresponding to the hollow ratio. The structural capacity of HPC without grout closely related to the hollow size. Especially, the local collapse governs the overall failure when the thickness of HPC is too thin. Based on these effect, a suitable equation was suggested for calculation of the compressive strength of HPC column with or without grout. FE analysis considering the contact surface between HPC and grout produced a good result matched to the test result.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.435-442
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different raising periods (24 and 48 months) on the physico-chemical quality and fatty acid composition of meat from Korean native black goats. In terms of proximate composition, the meat from the 24-month age-group of the goats contained lower moisture and protein content and higher fat and ash content than that from the 48-month age-group. With an increase in age, moisture and protein content increased, whereas fat and ash content decreased. The pH was higher as was the cooking loss in the meat from the 24-month age-group than in the meat from the 48-months age-group (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the water-holding capacity and shear force of the meat from the two breeding periods (p > 0.05). A color analysis showed that the meat from the 24-month age-group had higher L*, a*, and b* values than the 48-month age-group (p < 0.05). The fatty acid composition and palmitic acid content increased with an increase in rearing periods, whereas stearic acid and oleic acid content decreased. The proportion of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid content was lower and higher, respectively, at 24 months of age and 48 months of age (p < 0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.114-123
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• 2009

To investigate the possible use of plants for landscaping in reclaimed soil, a planting pilot system experiment was performed over the course of four years in reclaimed dredging area with four species: Alnus firma, Alnus hirsuta, Pinus thunbergii, and Pyrachantha angustifolia for 4 years. The physicochemical characteristics of the tested soil showed that it was sandy through coming from a reclaimed dredging area. The average pH of the tested soil was 7.16(slight alkali), and electric conductivity(EC) was relatively low, $294{\mu}S/cm$, even though it came from a saltwater area. To test the effect of planting density vs. phytomass by plant specie from a planting basin, the experiment was designed using four plant species with high and low planting densities over 4 years. The planting conditions of the growth of landscape tree species exhibited growth height as follows: A. hirsuta, A. firma, P. thunbergii, and P. angustifolia, whill the DBH followed the order of A. hirsuta, A. firma, and P. thunbergii. The total phytomass of each plant was higher at low density planting areas than high density planting area in terms of total phytomass production and growth distribution in the reclaimed dredging area. Total phytomass per unit area increased as follows: A. hirsuta, A. firma, P. thunbergii, and P. angustifolia. The total phytomass per each tested plant was 2 times higher in low density planting areas than high density planting areas. Total phytomass per unit area, however, was similar or slighty higher in high density planting areas compared to low density areas. Among the tested plants, A. hirsuta showed the highest phytomass, implying that A. hirsuta adapted very well to the reclaimed area and has the capability of a fast growth, nitrogen fixation tree, and utilizing insoluble nutrients through inoculated root nodule bacteria. The yield of phytomass per individual in low density Alnus species was greater than that of the high density. However, those per unit areas had no difference in the density-dependent planting. The ratio of belowground to aboveground was $0.21{\sim}0.26$. Thus, it could be concluded that the Alnus species are potential candidates for ornamental tree species in reclaimed dredging areas. This study offers baseline data for the use of ornamental tree species in reclaimed dredging areas. Additional research is required for different ornamental species in order to increase phytomass of a planting conditions based on reclaimed dredging areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.1050-1061
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• 2009

The present study was performed to evaluate energy and nutrients intakes of stroke patients in Daegu Gyeongbuk region, and to analyze the relative risk of stroke related to the intake levels of energy and nutrients. The case subjects (n=100) were selected from newly diagnosed stroke patients at Kyungpook National University Hospital. The control subjects (n=150) were selected from community residents who did not have stroke history and were sex and age-matched with the case subjects. The survey was conducted by individual interviews by trained dietitians using semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires. The odds ratios were calculated by using unconditional logistic regression. In male subjects, patient group had significantly higher consumption than the control group in mean daily intakes of energy, all energy yielding nutrients, vitamin $B_1$, $B_6$, niacin, folic acid, vitamin E, phosphorus, potassium, zinc and dietary fiber, and also in the ratio of energy intake from protein and fat. In women subjects, the patient group consumed significantly lower intakes than the control group in fat, vitamin C, folic acid, vitamin E, iron, but vice versa in carbohydrate energy ratio. As for men, the increased intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate vitamin $B_1$, E and niacin, zinc, total fatty acids, monoand poly-unsaturated, n-6 fatty acids significantly raised the relative risk of stroke. As for women, the increased intakes of fat, vitamin A, $B_2$, $B_6$, niacin, vitamin C and E, iron, sodium, potassium, selenium, mono-, poly-unsaturated, n-6 fatty acids, cholesterol, taurine and dietary fiber significantly lowered the relative risk of stroke. The results of the study demonstrated that the effect of several nutrient intake levels, such as niacin, vitamin E and fatty acids, on the relative risk of stroke was inconsistent between sex. The reason for this sex difference needs to be elucidated in a larger scale study.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2004

Being engaged in the musical tasks needs cognitive skills to perceive musical sound, organize them into meaningful unit, store them in the memory and retrieve them when needed. These skills are also required for academic tasks indicating that there is positive correlation between skills for musical and academic tasks. Based on these findings, the study purported to examine whether the developed sessions can enhance cognitive skills which is composed of auditory information skills, which is composed of perceiving sounds, organizing them into groups based on the existing information or organization pattern, and short-term memory skills. Eighteen elementary students in 4, 5, and 6th grades have participated in the study. The study has administered Music Cognitive Skills Test(MCST) before and after implementing music therapy sessions. The MCST consisted of five parts, first one measuring the rhythm imitating skills, second, measuring the melodic imitation skills, third, measuring discriminative skills in identifying higher pitch, fourth, measuring discriminative skills in identifying identical chords, and lastly, measuring the tone retention skills. The results indicated that there was statistical difference between the pre and post test in rhythm and melody imitation skills. Because reproduction of perceived rhythm patterns requires memory skills, imitating patterns are considered cognitive skills. Also melody is defined adding spatial dimension to the rhythm which is temporal concept. Being able to understand melodic pattern and to reproduce the pattern also requires cognitive skills. The subjects have shown significant improvement in these two areas. In other areas, there were definite increase of scores, however, no significant differences. The study also explores interpretation of these results and also observed consistencies among the participants in completing the musical tasks.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.11
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• pp.1187-1192
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• 2005

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobuin (IVIG) administration in fullterm neonates having clinically suspected neonatal sepsis. Methods : Forty full-term neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit with clinically suspected neonatal sepsis, who had at least two positive diagnostic criteria were enrolled. Twenty neonates were enrolled into the IVIG arm and 20 in the placebo arm. Neonates with a gestational age of less than 36 weeks and those with any major congenital malformation were excluded. The neonates were randomized to receive 1 g/kg of IVIG or equivalent amount of normal saline. The treatments including antibiotics and supportive care were administered. Results : The neonates in the therapy and placebo groups were comparable in terms of birth weight, gestational age, sex distribution, duration of antibiotics therapy and admission, elevation of serum IgG level, mortality rate, change of CBC, and serum level of acute phase reactants etc. Conclusion : Serum IgG values increased significantly 5 days after administration of IVIG in the IVIG-treated group and decreased significantly 5 days after administration of normal saline in the placebo group. However, there was no significant difference in the duration of antibiotics therapy and admission, or of mortality between the IVIG-treated and placebo groups. No adverse reactions to the IVIG infusions were noted during the study. Our preliminary observations suggest that the administration of 1 g/kg IVIG to neonates had some effect on augmentation of humural immune status in neonates with clinically suspected sepsis. But further study is needed to verify the benefit of IVIG infusion to neonatal sepsis.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.10
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• pp.1065-1070
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• 2008

Purpose : This study aims to determine whether early closure (within 7 d) of significant patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) with indomethacin or ligation reduces neonatal morbidity when compared with delayed closure (after 7 d). Methods : Fifty-eight extremely-low-birth-weight infants admitted to the NICU of Seoul National University Hospital from April 2005 to May 2007 with PDA were studied retrospectively. Results : The mean gestational age (GA) was $26{\pm}2weeks$ (range, 23-32 wk), and the birth weight was $782{\pm}146g$ (range, 430-990 g). The delayed closure group was associated with early GA ($25.7{\pm}1.7wk$ vs $27.1{\pm}2.0wk$, P=0.013), in vitro fertilization (IVF) (55% vs 24%, P=0.017), and the absence of preeclampsia (5% vs. 34%, P=0.013). There was no difference in ductal size between the early closure and delayed closure groups. The incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (95% vs 65%, P=0.012) and intraventricular hemorrhage (70% vs. 39%, P=0.027) increased in the delayed closure group. Using regression analysis adjusted for gestational age, delayed closure correlated positively with the duration of ventilator support (P=0.008), hospitalization (P=0.020), time to full enteral feeding (P<0.001), and total parenteral nutrition (P=0.010). Conclusion : Delayed closure of the hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in extremely-low-birth-weight infants is significantly related to the development of various morbidities. Thus, early closure of PDA is needed within the first week of life.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.195-202
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• 2006

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary selenium sources on performance and selenium retention in broiler chickens and laying hens. In experiment 1, the effects of dietary selenium sources and levels on the weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, and selenium retention of meat in broiler chickens were investigated. for each growth phase, the basal diet was supplemented with 0 (control), 0.12 and 0.24 ppm Se from sodium selenite (SS) and 0.12, 0.24 and 0.60 ppm Se from selenium yeast(SY). Weight gain was significantly increased(P<0.05) in supplemental 0.24 and 0.60 ppm SY compared to the 0.24 ppm SS by diet during day 1 to 35, but feed intake and feed conversion were not affected by the source or the level of Se. Selenium concentrations of breast and leg muscle were significantly increased(P<0.05) in supplemental SS and SY compared to the control, and linearly increased(P<0.05) as dietary. Se level increased by SY, but there was no difference in supplemental 0.12 ppm SS compared to 0.24 ppm SS. In experiment 2, 12-week-experiment using Hy-Line laying hens(31 wk of age) was conducted to compare the effects of selenium sources and levels on egg production, egg weight, daily egg mass, feed intake, feed conversion, egg quality, and selenium retention of egg in laying hens. A corn-soybean meal basal diet was supplemented with 0 (control), 0.06 and 0.12 ppm Se from sodium selenite (SS) and 0.06, 0.12 and 0.30 ppm Se from selenium yeast(SY). Feed conversion was significantly improved(P<0.05) in supplemental 0.06 ppm SS compared to the control, but egg production, egg weight, daily egg mass, and feed intake were not affected by source and level of Se. Haugh unit was not affected by source or level of Se. Yolk color was significantly(P<0.05) higher in supplemental 0.3 ppm SY compared to the control and other supplement in week 12. Eggshell breaking strength was significantly(P<0.05) higher in supplemental 0.06 ppm SY(P<0.05). Thickness of eggshell was not affected by source or level of Se. Se concentrations of egg was significantly improved(P<0.05) in supplemental SS and SY compared to the control, and was significantly increased(P<0.05) as dietary Se level increased by SS and SY, especially SY more effective compared to the SS.